tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-52222746649423005652024-02-19T08:59:26.702-08:00Electrical ArtMOTIVASIAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-42271883521330223802016-06-09T21:32:00.001-07:002016-06-09T21:32:14.380-07:00Pro dan Kontra dalam penggunaan imunisasi<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pandangan
Terhadap Pro dan Kontra<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
Penggunaan Imunisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Sebelum saya masuk kedalam Pro
Kontra tentang imunisasi, saya akan menjelaskan sedikit tentang imunisasi.
Tujuan dari imunisasi ialah untuk merangsang system imunologi tubuh untuk
membentuk antibody spesifik sehingga dapat melindungi tubuh dari serangan
penyakit. Imunisasi berasal dari kata imun, kebal atau resisten. Anak kebal
terhadap sesuatu penyakit, tetapi belum tentu kebal terhadap penyakit tertentu,
maka dari itu imunisasi merupakan usaha memberikan kekebalan pada bayi dan anak
dengan memasukkan vaksin ke dalam tubuh agar tubuh membuat zat anti untuk
mencegah terhadap penyakit tertentu. Vaksin adalah bahan yang dipakai untuk
merangsang pembentukan zat anti yang dimasukkan ke dalam tubuh melalui suntikan
seperti vaksin BCG, DPT, Campak dan melalui mulut seperti vaksin polio
(Notoatmodjo, 2007). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Terdapat berbagai permasalahan
tentang penggunaan imunisasi antara Pro dan Kontra. Jika kita hanya melihat
Pro, mungkin kita akan menyetujuinya. Tetapi ketika kita melihat kesisi Kontra,
tentunya kita juga dapat berubah pemikiran. Semua itu tergantung dari pendapat,
pandangan, dan keyakinan anda. Pendapat Pro yaitu mencegah lebih baik daripada
mengobati karena, telah banyak kasus ibu hamil membawa virus Rubella, Hepatitis
B, dan Toksoplasma yang membahayakan ibu dan janin, hal tersebut dapat dicegah
dengan vaksin. Efek samping yang membahayakan dapat kita minimalisasikan dengan
tanggap kondisi tubuh ketika hendak imunisasi dan jenis-jenis merek vaksin
serta jadwal yang benar sesuai kondisi setiap orang. Pendapat Kontra yaitu
vaksin haram karena menggunakan media ginjal kera, babi, aborsi bayi, darah
orang yang tertular infeksi yang latar belakangnya pengguna narkoba, obat bius,
dan lain-lain. Efek samping lain membahayakan adalah mengandung mercury,
thimerosal, dan zat-zat berbahaya lainnya yang dapat merusak sel tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Menurut pandangan saya, segala
sesuatu pastinya terdapat resiko temasuk dengan imunisasi. Masalah Pro dan
Kontra terhadap imunisasi, tergantung dari pandangan dan keyakinan anda. Ketika
kita menganggap imunisasi penting bagi kita baik dalam keadaan normal maupun dalam keadaan darurat, tentunya kita
akan menggunakannya meskipun kita mengetahui resikonya dan ketika kita
menganggap tidak setuju akan penggunaan imunisasi karena takut akan dosa dan
efek sampingnya, pastinya kita akan memilih kealternatif lain seperti vitamin
yang memperkuat system imun. Jika masih ragu maka dapat dilakukan imunisasi
yang tidak bertentangan dengan keyakinan yaitu dengan imunisasi syariat dan
perubahan pola hidup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daftar
Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Depkes RI. (2008). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.depkes.go.id/profil-kesehatan-indonesia-2008.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.depkes.go.id/profil-kesehatan-indonesia-2008.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
Diakses 9 Desember 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Notoatmodjo, Soekidjo. (2007). Pendidikan dan
Kesehatan Masyarakat Ilmu. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-3805865571600937122016-06-09T21:30:00.004-07:002016-06-09T21:30:46.947-07:00Infeksi Nosokomial berhubungan dengan peran perawat dalam memeberikan asuhan keperawatan<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peran
Perawat Dalam Memberikan Asuhan Keperawatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berhubungan
Dengan Infeksi Nosokomial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Infeksi nosokomial dapat diartikan
dengan infeksi yang didapatkan saat pasien dirawat di rumah sakit. Pasien yang
dikatakan infeksi nosokomial apabila memenuhi beberapa kriteria sebagai
berikut: pada saat pasien dirawat di rumah sakit, tidak sedang dalam masa
inkubasi dari infeksi; pada saat pasien mulai dirawat di rumah sakit tetapi
tidak didapatkan tanda-tanda klinik dari infeksi (Kozier, 2010). Untuk mengetahui
seseorang dapat terinfeksi atau tidak apabila seseorang melakukan interaksi
antara pejamu (pasien, perawat, dokter, dan lain-lain), agen (mikroorganisme
pathogen), dan lingkungan (lingkungan rumah sakit, prosedur pengobatan).
Infeksi nosokomial tidak hanya melibatkan pasien tetapi juga melibatkan perawat
dan petugas kesehatan serta lingkungan rumah sakit yang kontak langsung dengan
si pasien (Kozier, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Infeksi nosokomial selain
meningkatkan kesakitan pada pasien juga membebani biaya perawatan secara
signifikan, meningkatnya ketidakmampuan, peningkatan biaya pengobatan, lamanya
masa perawatan, dan masa penyembuhan yang memanjang mengakibatkan pasien
semakin banyak menambah pengeluaran. Dari semua itu sering kali harus
ditanggung sendiri oleh pasien yang dapat mengakibatkan kedaan pasien lebih
memburuk. Pasien juga dapat terpengaruhi psikologisnya dan beban mental
dikarenakan infeksi nosokomial itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Jenis-jenis pencegahan infeksi
nosokomial menurut Kozier (2010) yaitu: a). Penerapan standard precaution
meliputi: mencuci tangan, menggunakan APD (Alat Pelindung Diri) contohnya:
sarung tangan, masker wajah, baju pelindung, dan pelindung mata; b).
Kewaspadaan isolasi; c). Pembersih, desinfeksi, dan sterilisasi; d). Antiseptik
dan aseptik. Dalam pencegahan infeksi nosokomial, adapun peran perawat yaitu
dengan melalui perubahan perilaku dan kebiasaan perawat agar tidak menambah
resiko pasien terinfeksi dengan menerapkan tindakan perawatan yang higienis,
maka perawat dituntut bertanggung jawab
menjaga keselamatan pasien di rumah sakit melalu pencegahan kecelakaan cedera
atau trauma lain dan mencegah melalui penyebaran infeksi berupa tetap
mewaspadai penularan penyakit dengan cara megontrolnya untuk mencegah penularan
mikroorganisme maka perawat tidak kontak langsung dengan pasien, peralatan yang
terkontaminasi dan benda yang kotor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daftar
Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kozier, B., Erb, Glenora., Berman, A., dan Snyder,
S. (2010). Buku Ajar Fundamental Keperawatan: Konsep, Proses, dan Praktik Edisi
Volume 2. Penerjemah Pamilih Eko Karyuni dan Dwi Widiarti. Jakarta: EGC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-16565512792928333652016-06-05T21:27:00.002-07:002016-06-05T21:27:58.820-07:00patient savety anatara idealita dan realita di rumah sakit<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Peran
Perawat Dalam Patient Savety<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Di
Rumah Sakit Antara Idealita dan Realita<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Definisi Patient Savety, The institute of Medicine (IOM)
mendefinisikan keselamatan pasien sebagai freedom from accidental injury. Sama
halnya seperti Hughes (2008) menyatakan bahwa keselamatan pasien merupakan
pencegahan cidera terhadap pasien. Pencegahan cidera didefinisikan bebas dari
bahaya yang terjadi dengan tidak sengaja atau dapat dicegah sebabgai hasil
perawatan medis. Praktek keselamatan pasien adalah mengurangi resiki kejadian
yang tidak diinginkan yang berhubungan dengan paparan terhadap lingkungan
diagnosis atau kodisi perawatan medis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Tujuan adanya keselamatan pasien dirumah sakit adalah
untuk terciptanya budaya keselamatan pasien di rumah sakit, meningkatkan akuntabilitas
rumah sakit terhadap pasien dan masyarakat, menurunkan kejadian tidak
diharapkan (KTD) dirumah sakit dan terlaksananya program pencegahan sehingga
tidak terjadi pengulangan kejadian tidak diharapkan (Depkes RI, 2006). Selain
itu, peran dan tugas perawat dalam patient safety adalah untuk mengidentifikasi
pasien dengan benar, meningkatkan keamanan obat-obatan, memastikan benar
lokasi, benar prosedur dan benar pasien operasi dan pencegahan kejadian pasien
jatuh. Perawat disini juga bisa mendidik pasien dan keluarganya agar
keselamatan pasien dalam pemberian pelayanan dapat ditingkatkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mengapa perlu patient
safety? Karena pada rumah sakit terutama di negara berkembang sangat riskan
terjadi cedera pada pasien. Cedera pada pasien biasanya terjadi karena
kelalaian dari petugas kesehatan. Kesalahan pemberian obat dan kesalahan dalam
pembedahan merupakan cedera yang paling sering teradi di rumah sakit oleh
petugas kesehatan atau perawat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Namun pada kenyataanya,
pada beberapa kasus diatas terlihat jelas bahwa kelalaian perawat dapat membahayakan
keselamatan pasien. Seharusnya saat perawat sudah tidak fokus pada
pekerjaannya, disini bisa dilakukan pergantian jam dinas. Perawat memiliki
tanggung jawab untuk mengikuti operan yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui keadaan
pasien dan tindakan yang akan dilakukan maupun dihentikan. Supaya tidak terjadi
kesalahan pemberian tindakan sesuai dengan kondisi pasien. Disamping itu,
terkait dengan hal ini perawat tidak menjalankan prinsip dengan benar dan tidak
mengaplikasikan konsep patient safety dengan benar, terbukti dari kesalahan
akibat tidak melakukan tindakan yang seharusnya dilakukan yang menyebabkan
ancaman keselamatan pasien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hughes, Ronda.
G.2008. Patient Safety and Quality an Evidence Based Handbook of
Nurses. Rockville MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Publications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Depkes RI,
2006, Panduan Nasional Keselamatan Pasien Rumah Sakit (patient Safety).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-22121988405148786022016-06-02T22:27:00.000-07:002016-06-02T22:27:25.098-07:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pencegahan
Injury<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Asslamualaikum wr.wb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Perkenalkan nama saya Rinda Bagus Saputra dari
Keperawatan Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. Sebelum masuk perguruan tinggi saya
sekolah di SMK Negeri 2 Purwokerto. Setelah lulusan dari SMK saya dan teman
saya mendaki gunung merbabu yang terletak di kabupaten Magelang. Saya dan
teman-teman naik bus ke lokasi gunung merbabu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Agar pada saat pendakian tercegah atau aman terhadap <i>injury </i>maka saya membawa perlengkapan
yang lengkap. Disini saya akan menyebutkan peralatan yang menurut saya dapat
mencegah <i>injury</i> pada saat mendaki
gunung, antara lain:\<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> 1. </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jaket gunung, jaket gunung merupakan
alat yang sangat bagus untuk mencegah kedinginan pada saat mendaki gunung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> 2. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Matras, merupakan alas tidur yang
mencegah terjadinya penyakit paru-paru basah, karena menggukan matras pada
waktu tidur mencegah terjadinya penempelan langsung antara kulit dengan tanah
yang dingin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> 3. </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sleeping
bag</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">,
merupakan alat pengganti selimut pada saat tidur di gunung. Alat ini berfungsi
untuk menghangatkan badan dan dapat menolong orang yang terkena hipotermia,
karenan pada sleeping bag dibuat khusus dengan bahan yang berfungsi untuk
menghangatkan tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> 4. </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Obat-obatan, obat-obatan disini yang
saya maksud adalah obat pribadi. Obat yang dibawa sesuai dengan kebutuhan
seorang pendaki. Misalnya pendaki tersebut merupakan penderita asma, maka
pendeki tersebut membawa obat khusus untuk penyakit asma agar pada saat sewaktu
mendaki penyakitnya kambuh dapat langsung diobati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> 5. </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Korek api dan senter, alat ini digunakan
untuk penerangan agar saat mendaki pada waktu malam tidak salah langkah dan
mencegah agar tidak masuk kedalam jurang. Korek api berfungsi untuk membuat api
unggun agar menghangatkan tubuh dan memasak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> 6. </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Trekking
pole</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">/tongkat
gunung, alat ini digunakan jika pada saat mendaki kaki kita terkilir maka <i>trekking pole</i> ini sangat berguna untuk
membantu berjalan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Kacamata, alat ini digunakan untuk
mencegah mata agar tidak terkena debu, sebab jika mata terkena banyak debu maka
mata akan iritasi dan susah untuk melihat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> 7. </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Benang atau tali, alat digunakan untuk
menolong pendaki lain yang jatuh atau terpelosot kedalam jurang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Alat
di atas merupakan pencegahan injury pada saat mendaki gunung. Gunakanlah alat
diatas pada saat mendaki gunung agar dapat mencegah injury! Keselamatan merupakan
hal yang paling penting pada saat mendaki. Itulah sebagian kecil pengalaman
saya agar kita dapat mencegah injury pada saat mendaki gunung. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Wassalamualaikum
wr.wb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-82228863006728545352015-11-10T05:16:00.001-08:002015-11-10T05:16:32.851-08:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">REFLECTIVE ESSAY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BLOK CHARACTER BUILDING (CB)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LETS FUN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BATURADEN ADVENTURE FOREST<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SEMESTER </span></b><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
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</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:2in;margin-top:35.15pt;
width:163.5pt;height:165pt;z-index:-251658240;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;
mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;
mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;
mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:text'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\BAGUS\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 220px; left: 0px; margin-left: 192px; margin-top: 47px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 218px; z-index: 251658238;"><img height="220" src="file:///C:/Users/BAGUS/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="218" /></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
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<!--[endif]--><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
RINDA BAGUS SAPUTRA<br />
I1B015068<br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<b>KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS ILMU-ILMU KESEHATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JURUSAN KEPERAWATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2015<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
<i>reflective essay </i>yang Saya buat ini,
Saya membuat <i>reflective essay</i> ini
dengan menggunakan model model Gibbs yang memiliki 6 langkah agar
mempermudahkannya dalam berefleksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Description
(mendeskripsikan atau gambaran tentang monumen pangsar)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
hari Jumat, 6 November 2015, Saya berangkat pukul 12.40 WIB menuju kampus
keperawatan. Di kampus masih banyak teman Saya yang belum pada berangkat. Terlihatlah
angkatan Saya yaitu angkatan 2015 keperawatan unsoed yang sedang berbaris untuk
diabsen atau didata setiap kelompok anggotanya. Teman-teman dibariskan menurut
kelompok masing-masing dan diabsen perkelompok. Setelah semua selesai absen dan
angkutan hijau sudah datang semua dengan total 8 angkutan hijau, Saya dan
teman-teman langsung berangkat ke Baturaden Adventure Forest (BAF). Sesampai
disana Saya dan teman-teman dibagi perkelompok. Kelompok mahasiswa angkatan
2015 di jurusan keperawatan memiliki 8 kelompok. Tas dan barang bawaan
ditempatkan di kantin untuk sementara waktu, sementara mahasiswa menuju ke
lapangan BAF membentuk lingkaran besar untuk bermain game.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disela-sela
hujan yang turun tidak terlalu lebat, kita melanjutkan permainan tersebut
dengan berhitung total mahasiswa sebelum permainan dimulai. Seusai bermain, dan
dosen pun sudah datang ditempat tujuan, mahasiswa dibagi-bagi untuk mendapatkan
tenda. Laki-laki yang berjumlah 13 orang dibagi menjadi 3 tenda. 2 tenda berisi
4 orang dan 1 tenda berisi 5 orang. Saya kebagian 1 tenda 4 orang dengan Ulum,
Aziz, dan Yusuf. Setelah semua tenda dibagi dan barang-barang bawaan sudah
ditempatkan di tenda masing-masing, Saya dan teman-teman menuju ke kantin
dengan hidangan prasmanan sudah depan mata. Makan pun selesai, Saya bergegas
sholat dan melanjutkan acara. Dengan total mahasiswa 87 orang yang datang dan 1
sakit dan tidak dapat berkenan hadir pada lets fun tersebut, dibagi menjadi 5
kelompok. Alhamdulilah Saya mendapatkan kelompok 3. Kami pun membuat yel-yel
dan jargon kelompok. Sholat isya pun sudah Saya lakukan, dan segera berkumpul kelompok
untuk membuat pentas seni yang akan dipentaskan pada api unggun 30 menit
setelah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Total
anggota kelompok Saya adalah 17 orang. Pentas seni yang kami buat adalah
menyanyi dan drama. Kami menyanyikan lagu persahabatan bagai kelompok, saat
bahagia, mantan terindah, dan laskar pelangi,
3 orang diantaranya menjadi drama dan ikut menari. Kegiatan api unggun
dimulai, kelompok 3 mendapatkan urutan ke 3 untuk menampilkan pentas seninya.
Kelompok demi kelompok menunjukan pentas seninya masing-masing sampai tiba
disaat kelompok 3 menunjukan pentas seninya yang telah dibuat tadi. Pentas seni
pun berjalan dengan lancar dengan 5 kelompok menampilkan pentas seninya secara
maksimal. Dikobaran api unggun yang besar, semua mahasiswa membakar jagung
dengan api unggun tersebut. Jagung bakar pun siap disantap dengan ditemani roti
tawar yang lezat dan secangkir jahe. Dosen dan mahasiswa menyanyi atau
berkaroke sampai tiba larut malam jam 10. Semua mahasiswa diperkenankan tidur
untuk melanjutkan kegiatan besok. Namun Saya dan 5 orang teman Saya berbincang
dengan pak Nanda sampai larut malam pukul 00.00 WIB. Saya tidur kurang nyaman
karenan dengkuran tidur teman Saya yang sangat keras. Pukul 04.00 WIB saya
bangun dan segera cuci muka kemudian melanjutkan sholat subuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
selesai sholat subuh, semua mahasiswa diperkenankan mengikuti gerak jalan
menuju bukit yang amat indah dengan pepohonan yang rindang ditemani banyaknya
pohon pinus. Semua mahasiswa kembali ke BAF dengan rute yang terjal dan
dibawahnya terdapat puluhan sapi perah. Tibalah Saya dan teman-teman di BAF
yang sebelumnya foto-foto pada saat berangkat dan pulang pada saat gerak jalan
tadi. Hidangan nasi uduk dan lauk yang lezat menemani Saya dan semu mahasiswa
untuk bekal sarapan. Seusai makan kami diberi waktu 15 menit untuk makan dan
kemudian melanjutkan kegiatan. Seperti biasa semua mahasiswa berkumpul di
kelompok masing-masing untuk memulai kegiatan. Kelompok 3 dengan mas Tata.
Semua kelompok diwajibkan menyelesaikan 5 pos yang sudah ditentukan oleh
panitia BAF.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok
3 pertama bermain wild wussy yaitu 2 buah tali yang kuat diikatkan di 3 pohon membentuk
segitiga sama kaki. Saya sebagai Leader kelompok mengatur anggotanya supaya
lancar bermain wild wussy. Semua anggota berpasangan untuk melakukan permainan
itu sampai-sampai tidak ada yang berhasil menakhlukan pos tersebut kecuali Saya
dengan pasangan Saya yaitu Yogi yang sampai ujung menakhlukan wild wussy.
Sesuai pos ini kelompok 3 melanjutkan pos keduanya yang bernama Triangle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
pos 2 ini, kelompok 3 bermain triangle yaitu sebuah segitiga kayu dengan ujung
atas segitiga diikat tali dengan jumlah tali 8 yang dengan 1 orang menaiki
segitiga tersebut kemudian digerakkan oleh 8 tali yang dipegang oleh mahasiswa
dengan setiap tali berisi 2 orang. Yang pertama mencoba adalah Yogi. Yogi
berhasil menakhlukan tantangan tersebut. Kemudian Saya mencoba dan pada
akhirnya Saya pun berhasil menakhlukannya. Setelah Saya yang terakhir mencoba
adalah Hanifa. Dia pun sangat cepat menakhlukannya karena memiliki berat badan
yang ringan. Pos 2 pun selesai kemudian melanjutkan ke pos 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pos
3 memiliki permainan mouse trap atau biasa kita kenal dengan jebakan tikus.
Permainan ini adalah mengandalkan 1 orang sebagai instruktor dan 1 orang lagi
yang melakukan perintah instruktor dengan tantangan kalau si pemain gagal
menghadapi rintangan tersebut maka instruktor akan terkena ember tumpah yang
berisi air di atas kepalanya. Dari 17 orang anggota yang berhasil menjadi
instruktor adalah 3 orang dan 3 orang tersebut semuanya perempuan. 2 laki-laki
dikelompok 3 termasuk Saya tidak ada yang berhasil menjadi instruktor. Setelah
semua anggota selesai bermain kelompok 3 melanjutkan permainannya ke pos 4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
pos 4 kali kita akan bermain tali kusut. Permainan jenis ini menggunakan tali
sebanyak anggota kelompok dengan panjang tali 1 meter. Instruktor memegang tali
tersebut kemudian semua anggota kelompok mengambil tali tersebut secara acak.
Setelah semua mengambil, maka akan terjadi tali kusut, nah disini tugas
masing-masing anggota adalah membuat tali tersebut agar tidak kusut lagi.
Setelah semua anggota bekerja keras akhirnya tinggal tersisa 3 orang yang tidak
dapat keluar dari tali kusut tersebut. Seusai di pos ini, kelompok 3
melanjutkan perjalan ke pos terkahir yaitu pos 5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pos
terakhir ini yaitu pos 5 yaitu bermain flying fox. Saya sebagai Leader menjadi
yang pertama untuk mencoba flying fox ini. Sungguh ini permainan yang menentang
adrenalin seseorang. Sampai-sampai Saya ingin mencobanya lagi. Seusai pos ini
Saya dan semua mahasiswa makan siang dan dilanjutkan sholat dhuhur. Setelah
istirahat, kita sampai di puncak atau di penghujung kegiatan. Disini semua
mahasiswa bergabung menjadi satu untuk menjaga 1 lilin yang menyala guna untuk
membakar sebuah tali yang akan memberikan perpisahan kita di BAF ini. Lilin pun
dinyalakan, semua mahasiswa membentuk benteng agar lilin tidak mati dari
serangan tim-tim penyerang. Walaupun gagal beberapa kali, namun akhirnya kita
dapat menyelesaikan permainan ini. Dengan hujan lebat dan senyuman senang semua
mahasiswa disambut dengan sungai yang jernih berenang bersama untuk menutupi
kegiatan ini. Semua mahasiswa membereskan barang bawaan dan akhirnya kita
kembali ke kampus dengan naik angkot yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Feeling
(perasaan yang dialami setelah mengikuti kegiatan tersebut)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
kegiatan demi kegiatan yang dipandu oleh Instruktur yang bekerja di BAF tersebut,
Saya sangat senang dengan semua kegiatan yang ada di BAF tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluation
(mengevaluasi tentang kegiatan yang dialami)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
kegiatan di BAF tersebut Saya sadar bahwa dengan kerjasama, percaya sesama,
sportifitas atau kejujuran, kita dapat melakukan semua rintangan dengan mudah
dan dengan hasil yang maksimal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analyze
(menganalisis kegiatan tersebut)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
kegiatan tersebut, ternyata alam yang begitu indah dengan rumput yang terjaga
dengan baik, permainan yang dibuat dengan bagus kita harus selalu menjaganya
dengan baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Conclusion
(kesimpulan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulannya,
Saya mengetahui bahwa kegiatan tersebut, dapat membentuk karakter mahasiswa
menjadi lebih baik lagi. Mahasiswa yang sebelumnya kurang aktif dapat menjadi
aktif dan bisa berpendapat sesuai dengan kehendaknya dan hak yang dimilikinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Action
Plan (rencan kedepan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana
kedepan Saya dari kegiatan yang telah Saya lalui bersama teman-teman dan dosen
Saya. Saya akan menjadi mahasiswa dengan karakter yang baik dan selalu berguna
untuk orang lain. Dan Saya dapat bersama dengan semua teman-teman angkatan Saya
dapat melakukan kegiatan tersebut lagi dengan permainan yang lebih ekstrim
lagi.</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-22026755817838725132015-10-26T09:48:00.000-07:002015-10-26T09:48:39.099-07:00REFLECTIVE ESSAY KE MONUMEN PANGLIMA BESAR JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">REFLECTIVE
ESSAY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BLOK CHARACTER BUILDING (CB)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KUNJUNGAN
KE MONUMEN PANGLIMA BESAR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JENDERAL
SOEDIRMAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SEMESTER </span></b><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
RINDA BAGUS SAPUTRA<br />
I1B015068<br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br />
<b>KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS ILMU-ILMU KESEHATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JURUSAN KEPERAWATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2015<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
<i>reflective essay </i>yang Saya buat ini,
Saya membuat <i>reflective essay</i> ini
dengan menggunakan model model Gibbs yang memiliki 6 langkah agar mempermudahkannya
dalam berefleksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Description
(mendeskripsikan atau gambaran tentang monumen pangsar)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
hari Kamis, 22 Oktober 2015, Saya berangkat kuliah pukul 06.20 WIB menuju
kampus keperawatan. Di kampus masih banyak teman Saya yang belum pada
berangkat. Sebelum Saya melewati gerbang kampus, terlihatlah 3 angkutan kota
yang sedang berada diluar kampus. Kemudian Saya memanggil sopir angkutan
tersebut untuk masuk ke kampus keperawatan dikarenakan mahasiswa angkatan 2015
termasuk Saya akan pergi ke Monumen Panglima Besar Jenderal Soedirman yang
letaknya di Karang Lewas menggunakan angkutan kota untuk menuju ke monumen
tersebut. Teman-teman dibariskan menurut kelompok masing-masing dan diabsen
perkelompok. Setelah semua selesai absen dan angkutan kota sudah datang semua
dengan total 7 angkutan kota, Saya dan teman-teman langsung berangkat ke
tujuan. Sesampai disana Saya dan teman-teman dibagi perkelompok. Kelompok mahasiswa
angkatan 2015 di jurusan keperawatan memiliki 8 kelompok. Kelompok 2,3,4, dan 7
masuk ke monumen sedangkan kelompok yang lain menunggu di luar monumen
dikarenakan kapasitas orang yang masuk di monumen tersebut terbatas. Sembari menunggu
kelompok yang lain selesai kelompok yang menunggu di luarpun bermain game
dengan permainan ular sarung dan karet yang dibawa ke belakang menggunakan tepung
dan sedotan untuk menghilangkan bosan. Saya bersyukur dalam permainan tersebut
kelompok Saya yaitu kelompok 8 memenangkan game tersebut berturut-turut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
selesai bermain game kelompok yang menunggu di luarpun masuk ke monumen, karena
kelompok yang tadi masuk ke monumen sudah keluar dari monumen. Saya dan
kelompok lain dipandu oleh petugas instruktur yang bertugas di monumen
tersebut. Instruktur memandu kelompok yang tersisa menjelaskan tentang
perjuangan Panglima Besar Jenderal Soedirman. Instruktur juga menjelaskan
tentang gambar-gambar yang ada di monumen tersebut dan memperlihatkan semua
gambar yang ada beserta penjelasannya. Setelah kelompok yang tersisa selesai,
akhirnya semua kelompok bertemu kembali. Salah satu perwakilan kelompok
mengambil snack dengan jumlah anggota kelompoknya untuk dibagikan ke
anggotanya, begitupun dengan sopir-sopir dan dosen dibagikan snack oleh petugas
konsumsi. Snack pun habis, seluruh sampah yang ada dibuang ke tempatnya untuk
menjaga kebersihan monumen. Semua angkatan pun kembali ke angkutan untuk pulang
kembali ke kampus keperawatan. Sesampainya di kampus keperawatan, Saya dan
seluruh angkatan beristirahat untuk menunggu <i>Lecture</i> yang akan dilaksanakan 1 jam setelah istirahat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Feeling
(perasaan yang dialami setelah mengikuti kegiatan tersebut)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
penjelasan demi penjelasan yang dijelaskan oleh Instruktur yang bekerja di
monumen tersebut, Saya sangat tersentuh dengan perjuangan Jenderal Soedirman
yang sangat berani dan pantang menyerah untuk mengusir penjajah yang menjajah
bangsa Indonesia. Saya mengerti benar bahwa perjuangan beliau sangat berat. Saya
merinding mendengar Instruktur menjelaskan tentang sejarah perjuangan beliau. Sampai
sekarang pun Saya masih teringat sosok beliau yang menghadapi penjajah demi
kemerdekaan Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluation
(mengevaluasi tentang kegiatan yang dialami)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
kegiatan kunjungan ke Monumen Pangsar Jenderal Soedirman, Saya sadar bahwa Saya
belum bisa menjadi seperti Jenderal Soedirman. Tetapi Saya akan selalu berusaha
untuk menjadi sosok seperti Jenderal Soedirman yang memiliki sifat yang
bijaksana, pantang menyerah, cerdas, bertanggung jawab, berjiwa sosial dan
lain-lain. Dalam kegiatan tersebut, Saya dan teman-teman sangat berantusias
untuk menjadi pribadi seperti Jenderal Soedirman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analyze
(menganalisis kegiatan tersebut)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
kegiatan tersebut, ternyata dari gambar-gambar yang ada di Monumen Pangsar
Jenderal Soedirman dapat menceritakan berbagai makna yang dialami oleh beliau. Selain
itu, dari gambar tersebut, kita dapat lebih rinci mengetahui dan lebih mudah
untuk mengetahui perjuangan jenderal kita. Gambar-gambar yang ada di monumen
juga sangat indah dilihat dan bagus sekali dalam pembuatannya dan tekstur
warnanya yang benar-benar dibuat dengan teliti dan kreatif oleh penggambarnya
sampai kita tidak mengetahui cacat yang ada dalam gambar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Conclusion
(kesimpulan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulannya,
Saya mengetahui bahwa perjuangan yang dilakukan oleh pahwalan Indonesia
benar-benar sangat gigih dan pantang menyerah untuk memerdekakan rakyat
Indonesia agar terhindar dari penjajah. Mulai dari lahirnya, sekolahnya,
hidupnya, perjuangannya, keadaannya, sangat jelas dan terperinci yang
dijelaskan oleh Instrutur maupun yang ada pada monumen tersebut. Jenderal
Soedirman memang pahlawan tanah air yang sampai saat ini masih dikenang oleh
seluruh rakyat Indonesia, karena beliau sangat antusias, pantang menyerah, dan
rela berkoban dalam memerdekakan rakyat Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Action
Plan (rencan kedepan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rencana
kedepan Saya dari kegiatan yang telah Saya lalui bersama teman-teman dan dosen
Saya. Saya akan mengubah diri Saya menjadi lebih baik lagi dan memiliki sifat
yang dimiliki oleh Jenderal Soedirman. Saya dan teman-teman dan juga seluruh
generasi bangsa Indonesia tidak akan lupa akan perjuangan beliau dalam
memerdekakan bangsa Indonesia yaitu dengan cara menjadi generasi yang baik
untuk Indonesia agar Indonesia menjadi negara yang maju dan berkembang, menjadi
negara yang makmur akan rakyatnya maupun negaranya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari kegiatan tersebut juga ada
dokumentasi yang telah Saya ambil dari kunjungan ke Monumen Jenderal Soedirman
Diantaranya yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-5180052608256234632014-03-10T17:48:00.002-07:002014-03-10T17:48:33.383-07:00Cara cepat, mudah, praktis dan simple membuat pcb<i>BAGI YANG MASIH PEMULA ATAU BEGINNER BISA MEMBACA ARTIKEL SAYA DIBAWAH INI, SILAHKAN DISIMAK;</i><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><i>
</i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: lime;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>CARA PRAKTIS MEMBUAT PCB</b></span></span></span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Cara membuat PCB dibawah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini menurut pengalaman saya adalah cara yang paling </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>praktis, selain biayanya sangat murah, hasilnya juga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak kalah menarik dan rapi </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>dibanding dengan cara menggunakan media Transfer Paper
(original)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang harganya </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>lumayan mahal atau Sablon dll yang barangkali akan lebih
rumit. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack">Sebagian besar kawan-kawan mungkin sudah
tidak asing lagi dengan metode ini, namun </a></i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;">bagi yang lain tidak ada
salahnya untuk dijadikan sebagai alternatif. </span></i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;">Tips ini saya dapatkan
dari seorang kawan dimilis elektronik, dan kebetulan sudah saya </span></i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;">coba beberapa model,
termasuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>double side juga sangat
memungkinkan dan ternyata </span></i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i><span style="mso-bookmark: _GoBack;">tidak terlalu jelek
hasilnya. </span></i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Bahan-bahan dan peralatan yang harus disiapkan adalah : </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Printer Laser Jet
(harus Tinta Toner) jika tidak ada bisa pakai mesin Foto Copy. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kertas bekas
Kalender<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dinding yang masih baik (tidak
kusut/lecek) </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Papan PCB </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kertas Ampelas
(abrasive paper) No.P500 atau P600 </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Setrika listrik </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ferric Cloride </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bor PCB </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kikir (halus) </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>9.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pisau (Cutter) </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>10.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penggaris
(stainless steel) </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>11.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spidol kecil
permanent (for OHP) produk SNOWMAN </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>12.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Komputer +
Software PCB, tentunya… (hampir lupa..) </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Langkah-langkahnya sebagai berikut : </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Gambar saya buat dengan software PCBExpress, ntah salah
settingnya atau type printer, </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>ketika gambar telah di Print, hasilnya tidak sesuai dengan
ukuran komponen, terutama IC, </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>misalkan IC dengan jumlah Pin DIP-14, akan menyusut +/- 1mm.
Meskipun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sudah dicoba </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>dengan beberapa merk dan type printer namun tidak ada
perubahan, sehingga dengan </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>terpaksa file gambar harus saya convert ke MODIF/TIF. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jika menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Software Trax Maker<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau yang lain hasilnya akan sesuai dengan </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>skala, cuma saya belum terbiasa… (karena gak punya kali..) </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Bagi yang menggunakan Software PCBExpress, agar hasil gambar
PCB sesuai dengan </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>skala ukuran komponen terutama IC, maka setting dibawah ini
perlu diikuti : </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gambar dari Program
PCBExpress disimpan/diprint dengan format MODIF </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>(Microsoft Office Document Image Writer) sehingga
menghasilkan xxx.TIF (Tagged </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Image File). </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kemudian File.TIF
tersebut dibuka dengan program ACDSee. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jalankan perintah
Print-Æ Pilih Jenis Printer yg dipakai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Æ
dan masuk ke </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Preferences Æ Print Quality : High / Best Quality Æ
Grayscale Printing Æ Page size </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>: A4 Æ Orientasi : Portrait<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>/ Landscape Æ Printing Type : Scaled printing, </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Scaling :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>105% Æ
press OK Æ Print Setup Æ Margin dibuat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>0.00 (semua) Æ<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>atur Size : Width : 8.27, High : 11.69<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(A4) Æ press OK. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jangan lupa kertas
bekas Kalender yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bakal dipakai untuk
ngeprint<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentunya </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>disisi yang masih kosong, usahakan kertas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kalender dipilih yang masih bersih </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>termasuk tangan kita juga harus bersih lho… tunda dulu kalau
mau nyemil goreng </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>pisang… (berminyak).</i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Kertas bekas kalender </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jika ragu ngeprint
langsung ke kertas kalender, bisa dicoba dulu ke kertas biasa. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jika printer Toner
tidak ada, maka hasil print diatas kertas biasa yang tadi lalu di </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Foto Copy, tapi hasil Foto Copynya (Target) harus diatas
kertas Kalender.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Mencetak langsung dengan Printer Toner akan lebih baik
hasilnya. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Setelah ter-print ke
kertas kalender dan memastikan tidak ada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>trace yang putus,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>guntinglah gambar PCB tersebut kira-kira 2-3mm diluar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>garis gambar. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Potong PCB dengan
pisau Cutter seukuran gambar PCB yang baru saja di-print, lalu </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>kikir bagian tepi PCB agar tidak menonjol..sampai
permukaanya rata dan tidak </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>tajam. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ampelas seluruh
permukaan PCB sambil dibasahi dengan air, lakukan proses </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>pengampelasan dengan cara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>memutar searah jarum jam sampai bersih, lalu </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>keringkan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Lakukan pemolesan dengan kertas ampelas dengan </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>gerakan searah jarum jam, sambil disiram air sampai </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>permukaan PCB bersih. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Usahakan bekas goresan ampelas tidak begitu </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>nampak yang menandakan pemolesan berjalan </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>dengan “baik”. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Panaskan Setrika,
jgn putar sampai penuh, kira-kira arah di jam 12 Æ 2. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Posisikan gambar
PCB diatas papan PCB,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>trace PCB (tinta
Toner) menghadap ke </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>papan PCB (tembaga). </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Posisi gambar menghadap ke PCB, dan usahakan permukaan meja
setrika rata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Kertas kalender ditutup dgn kertas polos </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diatas kertas
kalender lapisi dengan kertas biasa, agar Text yg ada di kalender </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>tidak menempel ke permukaan Setrika. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tekan Setrika agak
kuat diatas kerta kalender yang sudah dilapisi dgn kertas biasa </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>tadi sampai kira-kira 30 detik sampai gambar menempel ke
papan PCB dan lakukan </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>penggosokan secara merata ke permukaan yg lain. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Waktu yang
diperlukan selama proses setrika +/- 3 menit, jangan sampai lebih dari </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>4 menit karena jika terlalu lama biasanya gambar akan
melebar/pudar. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Setelah kertas kalender menempel ke PCB lalu
dinginkan papan PCB dengan cara </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>di-angin-anginkan, jangan sekali-kali langsung direndam ke
air atau diblow dengan </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>udara dingin / AC, gambar (toner) bisa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terkelupas sewaktu masuk pada proses </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>selanjutnya. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jika sudah
benar-benar dingin, rendam papan PCB ke dalam air selama +/- 15 s/d </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>30 menit, tergantung dari tebal/tipisnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kertas kalender, hingga kertas kalender </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>nampak basah pada permukaan bagian dalam, biasanya jika
menggunakan kertas </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>kalender yang tipis… kertas akan terkelupas dengan
sendirinya…. (terapung).</i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Setelah PCB dingin, masukan kedalam air </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kupas kertas
kalender pelan-pelan dengan tangan sampai gambar/trace nampak, </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>lalu sedikit-demi sedikit bersihkan sisa-sisa kertas yang
masih nempel dengan </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>bantuan Sikat Gigi bekas, terutama kertas yang nempel pada
bagian lubang/pads </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>komponen dan diantara traces sampai bersih. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jika terdapat trace
yang terkelupas/putus, gunakan Spidol permanent untuk </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>membantu menyambungnya. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Pad / trace yang terkelupas, digambar ulang dgn spidol </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masukkan Ferric
Cloride secukupnya ke dalam “nampan plastic” yg tidak dipakai </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>atau beli baru di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>serba 6-ribu, Ferric Cloride paling tidak 1 (bungkus) kemasang </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Rp.500,-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>harga di
Pekanbaru, dan masukkan air panas/hangat secukupnya +/- </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>100ml (1/2 gelas), sampai seluruhnya lebur dengan air,
jangan lupa penutup </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>hidung (masker) dan sarung tangan plastic/karet. Kalau saya
sih gak perlu… ☺<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>(jgn ditiru lho..) </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masukkan papan PCB
kedalam larutan Ferric Cloride tadi, dan agar prosesnya lebih </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>cepat, bantu dengan cara menggoyang-goyang nampan, awass
tumpah… </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sambil diamati jika
papan PCB sudah seluruhnya lebur, maksudnya tembaga yang </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>tidak tertutup oleh gambar/toner, maka angkat papan PCB dan
bersihkan dengan </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>air yang mengalir (air kran). •<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Untuk membersihkan gambar/toner, gosokan
ampelas pelan-pelan sambil disiram </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>air kran sampai benar-benar bersih. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Periksa kembali
apakah terdapat trace yang putus.</i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bor papan PCB dengan mata Bor ukuran 0,8mm
s/d 1mm. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bersihkan papan
PCB, lalu mulailah menyolder. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Setelah komponen
tersolder seluruhnya, lakukan pengetesan, jika semuanya sudah </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>berfungsi dengan baik, segera lakukan penyemprotan papan PCB
dengan Lacquer </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>produk PYLOX Clear128 atau produk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“rj”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(Acrylic Epoxy Spray Paint) harganya </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>sekitar Rp.14.500,- /kaleng (300cc). Tujuanya agar papan PCB
tidak mudah Oxidasi </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>dan tampak mengkilap terus, syukur2 kalau ada PCB Varnis
sebelum di Lacquer, </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>hasilnya akan lebih menarik. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proses
pengeringan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>selama +/- 10menit… mulailah
merakit dan SELESAI sudah. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Waktu yang
dibutuhkan mulai dari proses Nge-Print sampai selesai Pelarutan </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>(Etching) +/- 30 menit. </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>•<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jadi, mulai
sekarang jika ada kalender dinding yang udah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kadaluarsa sebaiknya </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>jangan dibuang… </i></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: lime;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Selamat Mencoba…:-D</i></span></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-21158574475211314682014-03-09T19:56:00.000-07:002014-03-09T19:58:53.923-07:00Penerapan Pancasila Sila Ke 2 dan 3 di Kehidupan Masyarakat Indonesia<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penerapan Nilai Pancasila</span></span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sila ke 2 & 3 pada Kehidupan</span></span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masyarakat Indonesia</span></span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bab I</span></span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata
Pengantar</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-size: 11.5pt;">Pertama-tama kami panjatkan puja & Puji
syukur atas rahmat & ridho Allah SWT, karena tanpa Rahmat & RidhoNya,
kita tidak dapat menyelesaikan mekalah ini dengan baik dan selesai tepat waktu.
Tidak lupa kami ucapkan terima kasih kepada Bp.Siyamto sekalu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>guru pengampu kewarganegaraan yang membimbing
kami dalam pengerjaan tugas makalah ini. Kami juga mengucapkan terima kasih
kepada teman-teman satu kelompok<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
selalu setia membantu dalam hal mengumpulkan data-data dalam pembuatan makalah
ini.</span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">Dalam makalah ini kami menjelaskan tentang
penerapan pancasila sila ke 2 & 3 paba kehidupan masyarakat . Mungkin dalam
pembuatan makalah ini terdapat kesalahan yang belum kami ketahui. Maka dari itu
kami mohon saran & kritik dari teman-teman maupun guru. Demi tercapainya
makalah yang sempurna.</span><br />
<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Purwokerto, 20 Sebtember 2013</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendahuluan</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Istilah
ideologi berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu berasal dari kata idea dan logos.Idea
berarti gagasan, konsep, pemikiran, pengertian dasar, & cita-cita.
Sedangkan logos berarti ilmu. Jadi ideologi adalah kumpulangagasan, ide,
keyakinan, dan kepercayaan yg menyeluruh dan sistematik yg menyangkut dan
mengatur tingkah laku sekelompok manusia tertentu dalam berbagai kehidupan.</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tujuan dan
Manfaat pembuatan makalah ini adalah agar kita lebih mengetahui ideologi pancasila
didalam kehidupan masyarakat apakah sudah baik atau belum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ideologi yang digunakan di
Indonesia adalah ideologi terbuka yaitu pancasila, pancasila berisi;
1.Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa , 2. Kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab , 3. Persatuan
Indonesia , 4. Kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalam
permusyawaratan perwakilan , 5. Keadilan sosial bagi seluru rakyat Indonesia.</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sesuai
judul, disini kami hanya akan membahas tentang penerapan sila ke 2 & 3 di
dalam kehidupan masyarakat</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan
Penulisan</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kami penulis makalah ini berharap
pembaca dapat memperoleh tambahan pengetahuan mengenai penerapan nilai-nilai
pancasila sehingga nantinya dapat bermanfaat.</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bab
II</span></span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Identifikasi
Masalah</span></span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Indonesia menggunakan pancasila sebagai
ideologinya, karena nilai-nilainya dianggap dapat membuat bangsa Indonesia
menjadi bangsa yang sejahtera. Pancasila memanglah cocok diterapkan di
Indonesia & pancasila dibuat sesuai dengan sifat masyarakat Indonesia yang
berbeda-beda. Tetapi pancasila sebagai ideologi terbuka masih belum dapat
diterapkan dengan baik di Indonesia.</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B.
Perumusan Masalah</span></span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Mengapa di Indonesia
masih sering terjadi tindakan asusila & kekerasan yang tidaksesuai dengan
ideologi pancasila sila ke-2? </span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengapa di Indonesia sering terjadi
perpecahan warga yang tidak sesuai dengan nilai pancasila sila ke3.</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-right: 15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nilai apa
saja yang terkandung dalam pancasila sebagai ideologi negara?</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">BAB III</span></span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Pembahasan & Solusi</span></span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berikut
adalah hasil pembahasan kami tentang masalah diatas.</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.</span><span style="font-size: 32.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karena
masih ada orang yang berpola pikir tidak sesuai dengan sila ke-2, hal itu dapat
disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, seperti faktor ekonomi, keluarga, atau bahkan
masalah pribadi.Faktor-faktor tsb akan dpt menyebabakan terganggunya akal sehat
dan akan melakukan tindakan yang menyimpang.Jadi solusinya dgn menguatkan iman
setiap individu & menanamkan ajaran agama sejak dini.</span> </span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perpecahan biasanya terjadi karena setiap
kelompok,ras, atau individu lebih mengutamakan kepentingan & emosi masing-masing
untuk mencapai tujuan sendiri tanpa memperhatikan efek yang terjadi di bagian
lain.Sehingga ketika ada benturan antara 2/lebih kelompok dalam mencapai tujuan
dapat terjadi perpecahan jika tidak dimusyawarahkan dengan benar.Maka solusinya
dengan meningkatkan rasa toleransi, simpati, dan solidaritas masing-masing
individu, agar dapat menciptakan perdamaian didalam masyarakat yang harus
diterapkan dan dilatih sejak dini.</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3.
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pancasila
sebagai ideologi terbuka mengandung nilai-nilai sebagai berikut:</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nilai Dasar</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yaitu esensi dari sila-sila
Pancasila yang bersifat universal. Dalam nilai dasar, terkandung cita-cita,
tujuan, serta nilai-nilai yang baik dan benar. Nilai dasar tertuang dalam
pembukaan UUD 1945. Oleh karena, Pembukaan memuat nilai-Nilai Dasar Ideologi
Pancasila, maka Pembukaan UUD 1945 merupakan norma dasar yang
menjadi tertib hukum tertinggi.</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nilai Instrumental</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yaitu eksplitasi penjabaran lebih
lanjut dari nilai-nilai dasar ideologi Pancasila. Misalnya, dalam UUD 1945 dan
Garis-Garis Besar Haluan Negara yang lima tahun senantiasa disesuaikan dengan
perkembangan zaman, aspirasi masyarakat, undang-undang departemen-departemen
sebagai lembaga pelaksana dan sebagai pada aspek ini senantiasa dapat dilakukan
perubahan (reformatif)</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 15pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nilai Praktis</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; line-height: 13.5pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yaitu nilai-nilai instrumental
sebagai realisasi dengan pengalaman yang bersifat nyata dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari, seperti , bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara. Dalam realisasi
nilai praktis, penjabaran nilai-nilai Pancasila senantiasa berkembang dan
selalu dapat dilakukan perubahan dan perbaikan (reformasi) sesuai dengan
perkembangan zaman, ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, serta aspirasi masyarakat.</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></span></i></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">BAB IV</span></span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Penutup</span></span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Demikian yang dapat kami paparkan mengenai materi
yang menjadi pokok bahasan dalam makalah ini, tentunya masih banyak kekurangan
dan kelemahannya, kerena terbatasnya pengetahuan yang ada hubungannya dengan
judul makalah ini.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br />
<br />
<span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">Kami banyak berharap para pembaca dapat
memberikan kritik dan saran yang membangun kepada kami demi sempurnanya makalah
ini dan dan penulisan makalah di kesempatan-kesempatan berikutnya. Semoga
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a.Kesimpulan</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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disimpulkan bahwa nilai-nilai yang terkandung pada pancasila sila ke 2 & 3
masih belum dapat diterapkan pada masyarakat Indonesia dengan baik.</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Saran</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
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mengetahui tentang ideologi pancasila sehingga tidak terjadi penyimpangan
karena kurangnya pengetahuan terhadap pancasila, dan juga dengan meningkatkat
toleransi antar warga, terjalinnya komunikasi yang baik, & memperkuat iman
terhadap agama masing-masing yang saling toleransi.</span></span></span></i></b></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-88970306431170167532014-03-09T03:37:00.000-07:002014-03-09T03:37:00.133-07:00USAHA MIE BASAH<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 115%;">GAN
SIAPA NIH YANG MAU USAHA JUALAN MIE BASAH GUE MAU NGEPOS NIH CARA BUAT MIE
BASAH SEMOGA AJA BERMANFAAT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>YA GAN BUAT
YANG USAHA HEHEHE </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">J</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tempatkan
tepung terigu dalam mesin pengaduk </span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bubuhi
air garam ,larutkan soda sedikit demi sedikit sambil di aduk sampai merata </span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adonan
dikepal cukup mengumpal ,masukan adonan pada mesin pres</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasang
alat pencetak / pemotong pada no 3 dapat dicetak ,langsung di potong potong
sepanjan 30 cm </span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kumpulkan
potongan mie untuk di taburi minyak goreng sambil di aduk </span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lalu
rebus 1-2 menit/dikukus 5 menit</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mie
kemudian di angkat ,ditiriskan dan di tebarkan diatas meja khusus taburkan
minyak goreng sambil diaduk aduk sampai merata </span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mie di
angin angin kan sampai cukup dingin </span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jadi
deh mienya hehe </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">J</span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-highlight: lime;">Maaf jika ada yang mau nambahin nggih
monggoh </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: lime; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; mso-highlight: lime; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">J</span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Bradley Hand ITC"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></i></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-73625377256623608112014-03-09T03:25:00.001-07:002014-03-09T03:25:38.949-07:00MATERI KIMIA KELAS 10 SEMESTER 2 SMK TEKNIK<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="background: yellow; font-family: Chiller; font-size: 36.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: yellow;">NI GAN GUE MAU NGEPOS MATERI KELAS 10 SMK TEKNIK BUAT PELAJARAN KIMIA<br />
SEBENERNYA SIH INI TUGAS KIMIA GUE YANG DULU TAPI INI BUAT TAMBAHAN ILMU BAGI
ANDA-ANDA GAN YANG MAU NYARI MATERI KIMIA<br />
MOHON DIBACA DENGAN BAIK YA GAN<br />
HEHEHE MAKASIH </span><span style="background: yellow; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 36.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Chiller; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Chiller; mso-highlight: yellow; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">J</span></span><span style="font-family: Chiller; font-size: 48.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TUGAS
KIMIA</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KUMPULAN
MATERI KIMIA SEMESTER 2</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NAMA<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
Rinda Bagus Saputra<br />
KELAS<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: X TITL 3<br />
No. Absen<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 12</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Stoikiometri</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam ilmu </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kimia</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, <b>stoikiometri</b>
(kadang disebut <b>stoikiometri reaksi</b> untuk membedakannya dari </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stoikiometri_komposisi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Stoikiometri komposisi (halaman belum tersedia)"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">stoikiometri komposisi</span></i></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">) adalah
ilmu yang mempelajari dan menghitung hubungan kuantitatif dari reaktan dan
produk dalam reaksi kimia (</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persamaan_kimia" title="Persamaan kimia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">persamaan kimia</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">). Kata ini
berasal dari </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bahasa Yunani</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <i>stoikheion</i>
(elemen) dan <i>metriā</i> (ukuran).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stoikiometri
didasarkan pada hukum-hukum dasar kimia, yaitu </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_kekekalan_massa" title="Hukum kekekalan massa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">hukum
kekekalan massa</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_perbandingan_tetap" title="Hukum perbandingan tetap"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">hukum perbandingan tetap</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, dan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_perbandingan_berganda" title="Hukum perbandingan berganda"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">hukum perbandingan berganda</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\rm{} \frac{2.00 \ g \ NaCl}{58.44 \ g \ NaCl \ mol^{-1}} = 0.034 \ mol" border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="279" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\rm{}\left(\frac{2.00 \ g \ NaCl}{1}\right)\left(\frac{1 \ mol \ NaCl}{58.44 \ g \ NaCl}\right) = 0.034 \ mol" border="0" height="51" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.gif" width="383" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\rm{} \left(\frac{85 \ g \ Fe_2 O_3}{1}\right)\left(\frac{1 \ mol \ Fe_2 O_3}{160 \ g \ Fe_2 O_3}\right)\left(\frac{2 \ mol \ Al}{1 \ mol \ Fe_2 O_3}\right)\left(\frac{27 \ g \ Al}{1 \ mol \ Al}\right) = 28.6875 \ g \ Al" border="0" height="51" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.gif" width="637" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stoikiometri
gas adalah suatu bentuk khusus, dimana reaktan dan produknya seluruhnya berupa
gas. Dalam kasus ini, koefisien zat (yang menyatakan perbandingan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol" title="Mol"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mol</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dalam stoikiometri reaksi) juga
sekaligus menyatakan perbandingan volume antara zat-zat yang terlibat. a. Tahap
awal stoikiometri</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di awal
kimia, aspek kuantitatif perubahan kimia, yakni stoikiometri reaksi kimia,
tidak mendapat banyak perhatian. Bahkan saat perhatian telah diberikan, teknik
dan alat percobaan tidak menghasilkan hasil yang benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Salah satu
contoh melibatkan teori flogiston. Flogistonis mencoba menjelaskan fenomena
pembakaran dengan istilah “zat dapat terbakar”. Menurut para flogitonis,
pembakaran adalah pelepasan zat dapat etrbakar (dari zat yang terbakar). Zat
ini yang kemudian disebut ”flogiston”. Berdasarkan teori ini, mereka
mendefinisikan pembakaran sebagai pelepasan flogiston dari zat terbakar.
Perubahan massa kayu bila terbakar cocok dengan baik dengan teori ini. Namun,
perubahan massa logam ketika dikalsinasi tidak cocok dengan teori ini. Walaupun
demikian flogistonis menerima bahwa kedua proses tersebut pada dasarnya
identik. Peningkatan massa logam terkalsinasi adalah merupakan fakta.
Flogistonis berusaha menjelaskan anomali ini dengan menyatakan bahwa flogiston
bermassa negatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Filsuf dari
Flanders Jan Baptista van Helmont (1579-1644) melakukan percobaan “willow” yang
terkenal. Ia menumbuhkan bibit willow setelah mengukur massa pot bunga dan
tanahnya. Karena tidak ada perubahan massa pot bunga dan tanah saat benihnya
tumbuh, ia menganggap bahwa massa yang didapatkan hanya karena air yang masuk
ke bijih. Ia menyimpulkan bahwa “akar semua materi adalah air”. Berdasarkan
pandangan saat ini, hipotesis dan percobaannya jauh dari sempurna, tetapi
teorinya adalah contoh yang baik dari sikap aspek kimia kuantitatif yang sedang
tumbuh. Helmont mengenali pentingnya stoikiometri, dan jelas mendahului
zamannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di akhir
abad 18, kimiawan Jerman Jeremias Benjamin Richter (1762-1807) menemukan konsep
ekuivalen (dalam istilah kimia modern ekuivalen kimia) dengan pengamatan teliti
reaksi asam/basa, yakni hubungan kuantitatif antara asam dan basa dalam reaksi
netralisasi. Ekuivalen Richter, atau yang sekarang disebut ekuivalen kimia,
mengindikasikan sejumlah tertentu materi dalam reaksi. Satu ekuivalen dalam
netralisasi berkaitan dengan hubungan antara sejumlah asam dan sejumlah basa
untuk mentralkannya. Pengetahuan yang tepat tentang ekuivalen sangat penting
untuk menghasilkan sabun dan serbuk mesiu yang baik. Jadi, pengetahuan seperti
ini sangat penting secara praktis.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada saat
yang sama Lavoisier menetapkan hukum kekekalan massa, dan memberikan dasar
konsep ekuivalen dengan percobaannya yang akurat dan kreatif. Jadi, stoikiometri
yang menangani aspek kuantitatif reaksi kimia menjadi metodologi dasar kimia.
Semua hukum fundamental kimia, dari hukum kekekalan massa, hukum perbandingan
tetap sampai hukum reaksi gas semua didasarkan stoikiometri. Hukum-hukum
fundamental ini merupakan dasar teori atom, dan secara konsisten dijelaskan
dengan teori atom. Namun, menarik untuk dicatat bahwa, konsep ekuivalen
digunakan sebelum teori atom dikenalkan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Massa
atom relatif dan massa atom</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalton
mengenali bahwa penting untuk menentukan massa setiap atom karena massanya
bervariasi untuk setiap jenis atom. Atom sangat kecil sehingga tidak mungkin
menentukan massa satu atom. Maka ia memfokuskan pada nilai relatif massa dan
membuat tabel massa atom (gambar 1.3) untuk pertamakalinya dalam sejarah
manusia. Dalam tabelnya, massa unsur teringan, hidrogen ditetapkannya satu
sebagai standar (H = 1). Massa atom adalah nilai relatif, artinya suatu rasio
tanpa dimensi. Walaupun beberapa massa atomnya berbeda dengan nilai modern,
sebagian besar nilai-nilai yang diusulkannya dalam rentang kecocokan dengan
nilai saat ini. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ide dan percobaannya benar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemudian
kimiawan Swedia Jons Jakob Baron Berzelius (1779-1848) menentukan massa atom
dengan oksigen sebagai standar (O = 100). Karena Berzelius mendapatkan nilai
ini berdasarkan analisis oksida, ia mempunyai alasan yang jelas untuk memilih
oksigen sebagai standar. Namun, standar hidrogen jelas lebih unggul dalam hal
kesederhanaannya. Kini, setelah banyak diskusi dan modifikasi, standar karbon
digunakan. Dalam metoda ini, massa karbon 12C dengan 6 proton dan 6 neutron
didefinisikan sebagai 12,0000. Massa atom dari suatu atom adalah massa relatif
pada standar ini. Walaupun karbon telah dinyatakan sebagai standar, sebenarnya
cara ini dapat dianggap sebagai standar hidrogen yang dimodifikasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Soal Latihan
1.1 Perubahan massa atom disebabkan perubahan standar. Hitung massa atom
hidrogen dan karbon menurut standar Berzelius (O = 100). Jawablah dengan
menggunakan satu tempat desimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jawab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Massa atom
hidrogen = 1 x (100/16) = 6,25 (6,3), massa atom karbon = 12 x (100/16)=75,0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Massa atom
hampir semua unsur sangat dekat dengan bilangan bulat, yakni kelipatan bulat
massa atom hidrogen. Hal ini merupakan kosekuensi alami fakta bahwa massa atom
hidrogen sama dengan massa proton, yang selanjutnya hampir sama dengan massa
neutron, dan massa elektron sangat kecil hingga dapat diabaikan. Namun,
sebagian besar unsur yang ada secara alami adalah campuran beberapa isotop, dan
massa atom bergantung pada distribusi isotop. Misalnya, massa atom hidrogen dan
oksigen adalah 1,00704 dan 15,9994. Massa atom oksigen sangat dekat dengan
nilai 16 agak sedikit lebih kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh Soal
1.2 Perhitungan massa atom. Hitung massa atom magnesium dengan menggunakan
distribsui isotop berikut: 24Mg: 78,70%; 25Mg: 10,13%, 26Mg: 11,17%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jawab:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">0,7870 x 24
+ 0,1013 x 25 +0,1117 x 26 = 18,89+2,533+2,904 = 24,327(amu; lihat bab 1.3(e))</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Massa atom
Mg = 18,89 + 2,533 + 2,904 =24.327 (amu).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perbedaan
kecil dari massa atom yang ditemukan di tabel periodik (24.305) hasil dari
perbedaan cara dalam membulatkan angkanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Massa
molekul dan massa rumus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setiap
senyawa didefinisikan oelh rumus kimia yang mengindikasikan jenis dan jumlah
atom yang menyususn senyawa tersebut. Massa rumus (atau massa rumus kimia)
didefinisikan sebagai jumlah massa atom berdasarkan jenis dan jumlah atom yang
terdefinisi dalam rumus kimianya. Rumus kimia molekul disebut rumus molekul,
dan massa rumus kimianya disebut dengan massa molekul.5 Misalkan, rumus molekul
karbon dioksida adalah CO2, dan massa molekularnya adalah 12 +(2x 6) = 44.
Seperti pada massa atom, baik massa rumus dan massa molekul tidak harus
bilangan bulat. Misalnya, massa molekul hidrogen khlorida HCl adalah 36,5.
Bahkan bila jenis dan jumlah atom yang menyusun molekul identik, dua molekul
mungkin memiliki massa molekular yang berbeda bila ada isostop berbeda yang
terlibat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak
mungkin mendefinisikan molekul untuk senyawa seperti natrium khlorida. Massa
rumus untuk NaCl digunakan sebagai ganti massa molekular.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh Soal
1.3 Massa molekular mokelul yang mengandung isotop.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hitung massa
molekular air H2O dan air berat D2O (2H2O) dalam bilangan bulat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jawab</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Massa
molekular H2O = 1 x 2 + 16 = 18, massa molekular D2O = (2 x 2) + 16 = 20</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perbedaan massa
molekular H2O dan D2O sangat substansial, dan perbedaan ini sifat fisika dan
kimia anatara kedua jenis senyawa ini tidak dapat diabaikan. H2O lebih mudah
dielektrolisis daripada D2O. Jadi, sisa air setelah elektrolisis cenderung
mengandung lebih banyak D2O daripada dalam air alami.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Kuantitas
materi dan mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Metoda
kuantitatif yang paling cocok untuk mengungkapkan jumlah materi adalah jumlah
partikel seperti atom, molekul yang menyusun materi yang sedang dibahas. Namun,
untuk menghitung partikel atom atau molekul yang sangat kecil dan tidak dapat
dilihat sangat sukar. Alih-alih menghitung jumlah partikel secara langsung
jumlah partikel, kita dapat menggunakan massa sejumlah tertentu partikel.
Kemudian, bagaimana sejumlah tertentu bilangan dipilih? Untuk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menyingkat
cerita, jumlah partikel dalam 22,4 L gas pada STP (0</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">℃</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, 1atm)
dipilih sebagai jumlah standar. Bilangan ini disebut dengan bilangan Avogadro.
Nama bilangan Loschmidt juga diusulkan untuk menghormati kimiawan Austria
Joseph Loschmidt (1821-1895) yang pertama kali dengan percobaan (1865).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejak 1962,
menurut SI (Systeme Internationale) diputuskan bahwam dalam dunia kimia, mol
digunakan sebagai satuan jumlah materi. Bilangan Avogadro didefinisikan jumlah
atom karbon dalam 12 g 126C dan dinamakan ulang konstanta Avogadro.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada beberapa
definisi “mol”:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(i) Jumlah
materi yang mengandung sejumlah partikel yang terkandung dalam 12 g 12C. (ii)
satu mol materi yang mengandung sejumlah konstanta Avogadro partikel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(iii)
Sejumlah materi yang mengandung 6,02 x 1023 partikel dalam satu mol.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. Satuan
massa atom (sma)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karena
standar massa atom dalam sistem Dalton adalah massa hidrogen, standar massa
dalam SI tepat 1/12 massa 12C. Nilai ini disebut dengan satuan massa atom (sma)
dan sama dengan 1,6605402 x 10–27 kg dan D (Dalton) digunakan sebagai
simbolnya. Massa atom didefinisikan sebagai rasio rata-rata sma unsur dengan
distribusi isotop alaminya dengan 1/12 sma 12C.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">REAKSI KIMIA</span></b></div>
<b><span lang="IN">Reaksi kimia</span></b><span lang="IN"> adalah suatu proses
alam yang selalu menghasilkan antarubahan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia">senyawa
kimia</a>.<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_kimia#cite_note-0"><sup>[1]</sup></a>
Senyawa ataupun senyawa-senyawa awal yang terlibat dalam reaksi disebut sebagai
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktan" title="Reaktan">reaktan</a>.
Reaksi kimia biasanya dikarakterisasikan dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perubahan_kimiawi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Perubahan kimiawi (halaman belum tersedia)">perubahan kimiawi</a>, dan
akan menghasilkan satu atau lebih <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produk" title="Produk">produk</a> yang biasanya memiliki ciri-ciri yang berbeda dari
reaktan. Secara klasik, reaksi kimia melibatkan perubahan yang melibatkan
pergerakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>
dalam pembentukan dan pemutusan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">ikatan
kimia</a>, walaupun pada dasarnya konsep umum reaksi kimia juga dapat
diterapkan pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diagram_Feynman&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Diagram Feynman (halaman belum tersedia)">transformasi partikel-partikel
elementer</a> seperti pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_nuklir" title="Reaksi nuklir">reaksi nuklir</a>.</span><br />
<span lang="IN">Reaksi-reaksi kimia yang berbeda digunakan bersama dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintesis_kimia" title="Sintesis kimia">sintesis
kimia</a> untuk menghasilkan produk senyawa yang diinginkan. Dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">biokimia</a>,
sederet reaksi kimia yang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalisis" title="Katalisis">dikatalisis</a> oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> membentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintasan_metabolisme" title="Lintasan metabolisme">lintasan metabolisme</a>, di mana sintesis dan
dekomposisi yang biasanya tidak mungkin terjadi di dalam sel dilakukan.</span><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sejarah</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Antoine_lavoisier_color.jpg&filetimestamp=20060510135511"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Antoine_lavoisier_color.jpg/220px-Antoine_lavoisier_color.jpg" border="0" height="324" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="220" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Antoine_lavoisier_color.jpg&filetimestamp=20060510135511" title=""Perbesar" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Antoine
Lavoisier</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> mengembangkan teori pembakaran
sebagai reaksi kimia dengan oksigen</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Reaksi kimia seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembakaran" title="Pembakaran">pembakaran</a>,
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentasi_%28biokimia%29" title="Fermentasi (biokimia)">fermentasi</a>, dan reduksi dari bijih menjadi
logam sudah diketahui sejak dahulu kala. Teori-teori awal transformasi dari
material-material ini dikembangkan oleh filsuf Yunani Kuno, seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemen_klasik" title="Elemen klasik">Teori
empat elemen</a> dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> yang menyatakan bahwa substansi apapun itu
tersusun dari 4 elemen dasar: api, air, udara, dan bumi. Di abad pertengahan,
transformasi kimia dipelajari oleh para <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkemis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alkemis (halaman belum tersedia)">alkemis</a>. Mereka mencoba, misalnya,
mengubah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>
menjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a>, dengan
mereaksikan timbal dengan campuran tembaga-timbal dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>. </span><br />
<span lang="IN">Produksi dari senyawa-senyawa kimia yang tidak terdapat secara
alami di bumi telah lama dicoba oleh para ilmuwan, seperti sintesis dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_sulfur" title="Asam sulfur">asam sulfur</a>
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">asam
nitrat</a> oleh alkemis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Hayy%C4%81n" title="Jābir ibn Hayyān">Jābir ibn Hayyān</a>. Proses ini dilakukan dengan cara
memanaskan mineral-mineral sulfat dan nitrat, seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tembaga_sulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tembaga sulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">tembaga sulfat</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alum&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alum (halaman belum tersedia)">alum</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalium_nitrat" title="Kalium nitrat">kalium
nitrat</a>. Pada abad ke-17, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Rudolph_Glauber&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Johann Rudolph Glauber (halaman belum tersedia)">Johann Rudolph Glauber</a>
memproduksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">asam klorida</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natrium_sulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Natrium sulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">natrium sulfat</a> dengan
mereaksikan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a> dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium_klorida" title="Natrium klorida">natrium
klorida</a>. Dengan adanya pengembangan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead_chamber_process&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Lead chamber process (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>lead chamber process</i></a>
pada tahun 1746 dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proses_Leblanc&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Proses Leblanc (halaman belum tersedia)">proses Leblanc</a>, sehingga memungkinkan
adanya produksi asam sulfat dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natrium_karbonat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Natrium karbonat (halaman belum tersedia)">natrium karbonat</a> dalam
jumlah besar, maka reaksi kimia dapat diaplikasikan dalam industri. Teknologi
asam sulfat yang semakin maju akhirnya menghasilkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proses_kontak&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Proses kontak (halaman belum tersedia)">proses kontak</a> di tahun
1880-an, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proses_Haber&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Proses Haber (halaman belum tersedia)">proses Haber</a> dikembangkan
pada tahun 1909–1910 untuk sintesis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a>. </span><br />
<span lang="IN">Dari abad ke-16, sejumlah peneliti seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont (halaman belum tersedia)">Jan Baptist van
Helmont</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac
Newton</a> mencoba untuk menemukan teori-teori dari transformasi-transformasi
kimia yang sudah dieksperimenkan. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_plogiston&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Teori plogiston (halaman belum tersedia)">Teori plogiston</a> dicetuskan
pada tahun 1667 oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._J._Becher&action=edit&redlink=1" title="J. J. Becher (halaman belum tersedia)">Johann Joachim Becher</a>. Teori
itu mempostulatkan adanya elemen seperti api yang disebut
"plogiston", yang terdapat dalam benda-benda yang dapat terbakar dan
dilepaskan selama <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembakaran" title="Pembakaran">pembakaran</a>. Teori ini dibuktikan salah pada tahun 1785
oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>, yang akhirnya memberikan
penjelasan yang benar tentang pembakaran. </span><br />
<span lang="IN">Pada tahun 1808, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</a> akhirnya mengetahui
bahwa karakteristik gas selalu sama. Berdasarkan hal ini dan teori atom dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a>,
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Proust&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Joseph Proust (halaman belum tersedia)">Joseph Proust</a> akhrinya mengembangkan
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_perbandingan_tetap" title="Hukum perbandingan tetap">hukum perbandingan tetap</a> yang nantinya
menjadi konsep awal dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoikiometri" title="Stoikiometri">stoikiometri</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persamaan_reaksi" title="Persamaan reaksi">persamaan
reaksi</a>. </span><br />
<span lang="IN">Pada bagian <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik">kimia
organik</a>, telah lama dipercaya bahwa senyawa yang terdapat pada organisme
yang hidup itu terlalu kompleks untuk bisa didapatkan melalui <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintesis_kimia" title="Sintesis kimia">sintesis
kimia</a>. Menurut konsep <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalisme" title="Vitalisme">vitalisme</a>, senyawa organik dilengkapi dengan
"kemampuan vital" sehingga "berbeda" dari material-material
inorganik. Tapi pada akhirnya, konsep ini pun berhasil dipatahkan setelah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> berhasil mensintesis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> pada tahun 1828.
Kimiawan lainnya yang memiliki kontribusi terhadap ilmu kimia organik di
antaranya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_William_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alexander William Williamson (halaman belum tersedia)">Alexander William
Williamson</a> dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sintesis_eter_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sintesis eter Williamson (halaman belum tersedia)">sintesis</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eter" title="Eter">eter</a> yang dilakukannya
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Kelk_Ingold&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Christopher Kelk Ingold (halaman belum tersedia)">Christopher Kelk
Ingold</a> yang menemukan mekanisme dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_substitusi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi substitusi (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi substitusi</a>.</span><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Persamaan</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h2>
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persamaan_reaksi" title="Persamaan reaksi">Persamaan reaksi</a> digunakan untuk menggambarkan
reaksi kimia. Persamaan reaksi terdiri dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumus_kimia" title="Rumus kimia">rumus kimia</a>
atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumus_struktur&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rumus struktur (halaman belum tersedia)">rumus struktur</a> dari reaktan
di sebelah kiri dan produk di sebelah kanan. Antara produk dan reaktan
dipisahkan dengan tanda panah (→) yang menunjukkan arah dan tipe reaksi. Ujung
dari tanda panah tersebut menunjukkan reaksinya bergerak ke arah mana. Tanda
panah ganda (</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="is in equilibrium with" border="0" height="13" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.gif" width="15" /></span><span lang="IN">), yang mempunyai dua ujung tanda panah yang berbeda arah, digunakan
pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kesetimbangan kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi kesetimbangan</a>.
Persamaan kimia haruslah seimbang, sesuai dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoikiometri" title="Stoikiometri">stoikiometri</a>,
jumlah atom tiap unsur di sebelah kiri harus sama dengan jumlah atom tiap unsur
di sebelah kanan. Penyeimbangan ini dilakukan dengan menambahkan angka di depan
tiap molekul senyawa (dilambangkan dengan <i>A, B, C</i> dan <i>D</i> di
diagram skema di bawah) dengan angka kecil (<i>a, b, c</i> dan <i>d</i>) di
depannya. </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\mathrm{a\ A + b\ B \longrightarrow c\ C + d\ D}" border="0" height="17" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.gif" width="214" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<span lang="IN">Reaksi yang lebih rumit digambarkan dengan skema reaksi,
tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui senyawa awal atau akhir, atau juga untuk
menunjukkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fase_transisi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Fase transisi (halaman belum tersedia)">fase transisi</a>. Beberapa
reaksi kimia juga bisa ditambahkan tulisan di atas tanda panahnya; contohnya
penambahan air, panas, iluminasi, katalisasi, dsb. Juga, beberapa produk minor
dapat ditempatkan di bawah tanda panah.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Baeyer-Villiger-Oxidation-V1.svg&filetimestamp=20100531191330"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Baeyer-Villiger-Oxidation-V1.svg/750px-Baeyer-Villiger-Oxidation-V1.svg.png" border="0" height="89" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.gif" width="750" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Baeyer-Villiger-Oxidation-V1.svg&filetimestamp=20100531191330" title=""Perbesar" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebuah contoh reaksi organik: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oksidasi_Baeyer%E2%80%93Villiger&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Oksidasi Baeyer–Villiger (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">oksidasi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keton" title="Keton"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">keton</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
menjadi </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ester</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
dengan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_peroksi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Asam peroksi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asam peroksikarboksilat</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Analisis_retrosintetik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Analisis retrosintetik (halaman belum tersedia)">Analisis retrosintetik</a>
dapat dipakai untuk mendesain reaksi sintesis kompleks. Analisis dimulai dari
produk, contohnya dengan memecah ikatan kimia yang dipilih menjadi reagen baru.
Tanda panah khusus (</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";">⇒</span><span lang="IN">) digunakan dalam reaksi retro. </span><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi elementer</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h2>
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_elementer&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi elementer (halaman belum tersedia)">Reaksi elementer</a> adalah
reaksi pemecahan paling sederhana dan hasil dari reaksi ini tidak memiliki
produk sampingan. Kebanyakan reaksi yang berhasil ditemukan saat ini adalah
pengembangan dari reaksi elementer yang munculnya secara secara paralel atau
berurutan. Sebuah reaksi elementer biasanya hanya terdiri dari beberapa
molekul, biasanya hanya satu atau dua, karena kemungkinannya kecil untuk banyak
molekul bergabung bersama. </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Azobenzene_isomerization_de.svg&filetimestamp=20100818182637"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Azobenzene_isomerization_de.svg/300px-Azobenzene_isomerization_de.svg.png" border="0" height="117" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.gif" width="300" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Azobenzene_isomerization_de.svg&filetimestamp=20100818182637" title=""Perbesar" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Isomerisasi </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azobenzena&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Azobenzena (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">azobenzena</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
yang diinduksi oleh cahaya (hν) atau panas (Δ)</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Reaksi paling penting dalam reaksi elementer adalah reaksi
unimolekuler dan bimolekuler. Reaksi unimolekuler hanya terdiri dari satu
molekul yang terbentuk dari transformasi atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diasosiasi_%28kimia%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Diasosiasi (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">diasosiasi</a> satu atau
beberapa molekul lain. Beberapa reaksi ini membutuhkan energi dari cahaya atau
panas. Sebuah contoh dari reaksi unimolekuler adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isomerisasi_cis%E2%80%93trans&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Isomerisasi cis–trans (halaman belum tersedia)">isomerisasi cis–trans</a>,
di mana sebuah senyawa bentuk cis akan berubah menjadi bentuk trans.</span><br />
<span lang="IN">Dalam reaksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disosiasi_%28kimia%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Disosiasi (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">disosiasi</a>, ikatan di
dalam sebuah molekul akan terpecah menjadi 2 fragmen molekul. Pemecahan ini
dapat berupa <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homolisis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Homolisis (halaman belum tersedia)">homolitik</a> ataupun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heterolisis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Heterolisis (halaman belum tersedia)">heterolitik</a>. Dalam pemecahan
homolitik, ikatan akan terpecah sehingga setiap produknya tetap mempunyai satu
elektron sehingga menjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radikal_%28kimia%29" title="Radikal (kimia)">radikal</a>
netral. Dalam pemecahan heterolitik, kedua elektron dari ikatan kimia akan
tersisa pada salah satu produknya, sehingga akan menghasilkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> yang bermuatan.
Reaksi disosiasi memegang peranan penting dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_berantai&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi berantai (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi berantai</a>, seperti
contohnya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oksohidrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Oksohidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">hidrogen-oksigen</a> atau reaksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimerisasi" title="Polimerisasi">polimerisasi</a>.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\mathrm{AB \longrightarrow A + B}" border="0" height="16" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.gif" width="123" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disoasi dari
molekul AB menjadi fragmen A dan B</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Pada reaksi bimolekular, 2 molekul akan bertabreakan dan
saling bereaksi. Hasil reaksinya dinamakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintesis_kimia" title="Sintesis kimia">sintesis
kimia</a> atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_adisi" title="Reaksi adisi">reaksi adisi</a>.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\mathrm{A + B \longrightarrow AB}" border="0" height="16" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.gif" width="123" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<span lang="IN">Kemungkinan reaksi yang lain adalah sebagian dari sebuah
molekul berpindah ke molekul lainnya. Reaksi tipe seperti ini, contohnya adalah
reaksi redoks dan reaksi asam-basa. Pada reaksi redoks partikel yang berpindah
adalah elektron, sedangkan pada reaksi asam-basa yang berpindah adalah proton.
Reaksi seperti ini juga disebut dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_metatesis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi metatesis (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi metatesis</a>.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\mathrm{HA + B \longrightarrow A + HB}" border="0" height="17" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image017.gif" width="177" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<span lang="IN">contohnya</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium_klorida" title="Natrium klorida"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NaCl</span></a></span><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(aq)</span></sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
+ </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_nitrat" title="Perak nitrat"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AgNO<sub>3</sub></span></a></span><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(aq)</span></sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
→ </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium_nitrat" title="Natrium nitrat"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NaNO<sub>3</sub></span></a></span><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(aq)</span></sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
+ </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perak_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Perak klorida (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AgCl</span></a></span><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(s)</span></sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Termodinamika</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h2>
<span lang="IN">Reaksi kimia dapat ditentukan oleh hukum-hukum <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamika</a>.
Reaksi dapat terjadi dengan sendirinya apabila senyawa tersebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eksergonik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Eksergonik (halaman belum tersedia)">eksergonik</a> atau melepaskan
energi. Energi bebas yang dihasilkan reaksi ini terdiri dari 2 besaran
termodinamika yaitu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalpi" title="Entalpi">entalpi</a> dan entropi]]: </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\mathrm{\Delta G = \Delta H - T \cdot \Delta S}" border="0" height="16" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.gif" width="168" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">G: energi bebas,
H: entalpi, T: suhu, S: entropi, Δ: perbedaan</span></div>
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_eksotermik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi eksotermik (halaman belum tersedia)">Reaksi eksotermik</a>
terjadi apabila ΔH bernilai negatif dan energi dilepaskan. Contoh reaksi
eksotermik adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presipitasi_%28kimia%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Presipitasi (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">presipitasi</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalisasi" title="Kristalisasi">kristalisasi</a>,
dimana sebuah padatan terbentuk dari gas atau cairan. Kebalikannya, dalam
reaksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotermik" title="Endotermik">endotermik</a>,
panas diambil dari lingkungan. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan
entropi sistem. Karena kenaikan entropi berbanding lurus dengan suhunya, maka
kebanyakan reaksi endotermik dilakukan pada suhu tinggi. Kebalikannya,
kebanyakan reaksi eksotermik dilakukan pada suhu yang rendah. Perubahan
temperatur kadang-kadang dapat mengubah arah reaksi, seperti contohnya pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_Boudouard&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi Boudouard (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi Boudouard</a>:</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\mathrm{CO_2 + C \rightleftharpoons 2\ CO\ ; \quad \Delta H = +172.45\ kJ \cdot mol^{-1}}" border="0" height="22" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.gif" width="402" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<span lang="IN">Reaksi antara <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon
dioksida</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>
untuk membentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">karbon monoksida</a> ini merupakan reaksi endotermik
dengan suhu di atas 800 °C dan menjadi reaksi eksotermik jika suhunya
dibawah suhu ini</span><br />
<span lang="IN">Reaksi juga dapat diketahui dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_dalam" title="Energi dalam">energi
dalam</a> yang menyebabkan perubahan pada entropi, volume, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potensial_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Potensial kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">potensial kimia</a>. </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\mathrm{d}U = T\, {d}S - p\, {d}V + \mu\, {d}n \!" border="0" height="19" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.gif" width="217" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">U: energi dalam,
S: entropi, p: tekanan, μ: potensial kimia, n: jumlah molekul, d: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkulus_diferensial" title="Kalkulus diferensial"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">tanda yang artinya perubahan kecil</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengelompokan reaksi kimia</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h2>
<span lang="IN">Beragamnya reaksi-reaksi kimia dan pendekatan-pendekatan yang
dilakukan dalam mempelajarinya mengakibatkan banyaknya cara untuk
mengklasifikasikan reaksi-reaksi tersebut, yang sering kali tumpang tindih. Di
bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh klasifikasi reaksi kimia yang biasanya
digunakan.</span><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Empat reaksi dasar</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sintesis</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h4>
<span lang="IN">Dalam reaksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_kombinasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi kombinasi (halaman belum tersedia)">kombinasi langsung</a> atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintesis_kimia" title="Sintesis kimia">sintesis</a>,
dua atau lebih senyawa sederhana bergabung membentuk senyawa baru yang lebih
kompleks. Dua reaktan atau lebih yang bereaksi menghasilkan satu produk juga
merupakan salah satu cara untuk mengetahui kalau itu reaksi sintesis. Contoh
dari reaksi ini adalah gas hidrogen bergabung dengan gas oksigen yang hasilnya
adalah air. </span><br />
<span lang="IN">Contoh lainnya adalah gas nitrogen bergabung dengan gas
hidrogen akan membentuk amoniak, dengan persamaan reaksi:</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">N</span></a></span><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
+ 3 </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">H</span></a></span><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
→ 2 </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NH<sub>3</sub></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dekomposisisi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h4>
<span lang="IN">Reaksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dekomposisi_kimiawi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dekomposisi kimiawi (halaman belum tersedia)">dekomposisi</a> atau <b>analisis</b>
adalah kebalikan dari reaksi sintesis. Sebuah senyawa yang lebih kompleks akan
dipecah menjadi senyawa yang lebih sederhana. Contohnya adalah molekul air yang
dipecah menjadi gas oksigen dan gas hidrogen, dengan persamaan reaksi:</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2 </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">H<sub>2</sub>O</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
→ 2 H<sub>2</sub> + </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">O</span></a></span><sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></sub><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penggantian tunggal</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h4>
<span lang="IN">Dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_penggantian_tunggal&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi penggantian tunggal (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi penggantian
tunggal</a> atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_substitusi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi substitusi (halaman belum tersedia)">substitusi</a>, sebuah
elemen tunggal menggantikan elemen tunggal lainnya di suatu senyawa. Contohnya
adalah logam natrium yang bereaksi dengan asam klorida akan menghasilkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium_klorida" title="Natrium klorida">natrium
klorida</a> atau garam dapur, dengan persamaaan reaksi:</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2 </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Na</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(s)
+ 2 </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">HCl</span></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%28aq%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="(aq) (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(aq)</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
→ 2 </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium_klorida" title="Natrium klorida"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NaCl</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(aq)
+ H<sub>2</sub>(g)</span></div>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penggantian ganda</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h4>
<span lang="IN">Dalam reaksi penggantian ganda, dua senyawa saling berganti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> atau ikatan untuk
membentuk senyawa baru yang berbeda. Hal ini terjadi ketika kation dan anion
dari 2 senyawa yang berbeda saling berpindah tempat, dan membentuk 2 senyawa
baru. Rumus umum dari reaksi ini adalah:</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AB + CD → AD +
CB</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Contoh dari reaksi penggantian ganda adalah timbal(II) nitrat
bereaksi dengan kalium iodida untuk membentuk timbal(II) iodida dan kalium
nitrat, dengan persamaan reaksi:</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>
+ 2 KI → PbI<sub>2</sub> + 2 KNO<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<span lang="IN">Contoh lainnya adalah natrium klorida (garam dapur) bereaksi
dengan perak nitrat membentuk natrium nitrat dan perak klorida, dengan
persamaan reaksi:</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NaCl(aq) + </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_nitrat" title="Perak nitrat"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AgNO<sub>3</sub></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(aq)
→ </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium_nitrat" title="Natrium nitrat"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NaNO<sub>3</sub></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(aq)
+ </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perak_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Perak klorida (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AgCl</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(s)</span></div>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oksidasi dan reduksi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Redox_reaction.png&filetimestamp=20071129084838"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Redox_reaction.png/220px-Redox_reaction.png" border="0" height="95" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.gif" width="220" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Redox_reaction.png&filetimestamp=20071129084838" title=""Perbesar" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ilustrasi dari reaksi redoks (reduksi
oksidasi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Redox_Halves.png&filetimestamp=20101212013527"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Redox_Halves.png/220px-Redox_Halves.png" border="0" height="95" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.gif" width="220" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Redox_Halves.png&filetimestamp=20101212013527" title=""Perbesar" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dua bagian reaksi redoks</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Reaksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">redoks</a> dapat dipahami sebagai transfer elektron dari salah
satu senyawa (disebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduktor" title="Reduktor">reduktor</a>) ke senyawa lainnya (disebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksidator" title="Oksidator">oksidator</a>).
Dalam proses ini, senyawa yang satu akan teroksidasi dan senyawa lainnya akan
tereduksi, oleh karena itu disebut <i>redoks</i>. Oksidasi sendiri dimengerti
sebagai kenaikan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">bilangan oksidasi</a>, dan reduksi adalah penurunan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">bilangan
oksidasi</a>. Dalam prakteknya, transfer dari elektron ini akan selalu mengubah
bilangan oksidasinya, tapi banyak reaksi yang diklasifikasikan sebagai reaksi
redoks walaupun sebenarnya tidak ada elektron yang berpindah (seperti yang
melibatkan ikatan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kovalen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kovalen (halaman belum tersedia)">kovalen</a>). </span><br />
<span lang="IN">Contoh reaksi redoks adalah:</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2 S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq)
+ I<sub>2</sub>(aq) → S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq) + 2 I<sup>−</sup>(aq)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yang mana I<sub>2</sub>
direduksi menjadi I<sup>-</sup> dan S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>
(anion </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiosulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tiosulfat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">tiosulfat</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)
dioksidasi menjadi S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup>.</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Untuk mengetahui reaktan mana yang akan menjadi agen pereduksi
dan mana yang akan menjadi agen teroksidasi dapat diketahui dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelektronegatifan" title="Keelektronegatifan">keelektronegatifan</a> elemen tersebut. Elemen yang
mempunyai nilai keelektronegatifan yang rendah, seperti kebanyakan unsur <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a>, maka akan
dengan mudah memberikan elektron mereka dan teroksidasi - elemen ini menjadi
reduktor. Kebalikannya, banyak ion mempunyai bilangan oksidasi tinggi, seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksida" title="Hidrogen peroksida">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanganat" title="Permanganat">MnO<sub>4</sub>-</a>,
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kromium_trioksida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kromium trioksida (halaman belum tersedia)">CrO<sub>3</sub></a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dikromat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Dikromat (halaman belum tersedia)">Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>2-</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osmium%28VIII%29_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Osmium(VIII) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">OsO<sub>4</sub></a>) dapat
memperoleh satu atau lebih tambahan elektron, sehingga disebut oksidator.</span><br />
<span lang="IN">Jumlah elektron yang diberikan atau diterima pada reaksi
redoks dapat diketahui dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektronn&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Konfigurasi elektronn (halaman belum tersedia)">konfigurasi elektronn</a>
elemen reaktannya. Setiap elemen akan berusaha untuk menjadikan konfigurasi
elektronnya sama seperti konfigurasi elemen <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">gas mulia</a>.
Logam alkali dan halogen akan memberikan dan menerima satu elektron. Elemen gas
alam sendiri sebenarnya tidak aktif secara kimiawi. </span><br />
<span lang="IN">Salah satu bagian penting dalam reaksi redoks adalah reaksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia">elektrokimia</a>,
dimana elektron dari sumber listrik digunakan sebagai reduktor. Reaksi ini
penting untuk pembuatan elemen-elemen kimia, seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">klorin</a> atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>.
Proses kebalikan dimana reaksi redoks digunakan untuk menghasilkan listrik juga
ada dan prinsip ini digunakan pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baterai" title="Baterai">baterai</a>.</span><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi asam-basa</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3>
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_asam-basa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi asam-basa (halaman belum tersedia)">Reaksi asam-basa</a> adalah
reaksi yang mendonorkan proton dari sebuah molekul <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a> ke molekul <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa">basa</a>. Disini, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a> berperan sebagai
donor proton dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa" title="Basa">basa</a>
berperan sebagai akseptor proton.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="\mathrm{HA + B \rightleftharpoons A^- + HB^+}" border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.gif" width="189" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi asam
basa, HA: asam, B: Basa, A<sup>–</sup>: basa konjugasi, HB<sup>+</sup>: asam
konjugasi</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Hasil dari transfer proton ini adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_konjugasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Asam konjugasi (halaman belum tersedia)">asam konjugasi</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basa_konjugasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Basa konjugasi (halaman belum tersedia)">basa konjugasi</a>. Reaksi
kesetimbangan (bolak-balik) juga ada, dan karena itu asam/basa dan asam/basa
konjugasinya selalu dalam kesetimbangan. Reaksi kesetimbangan ini ditandai
dengan adanya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstanta_diasosiasi_asam&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Konstanta diasosiasi asam (halaman belum tersedia)">konstanta diasosiasi
asam dan basa</a> (<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> dan <i>K</i><sub>b</sub>) dari setiap
substansinya. Sebuah reaksi yang khusus dari reaksi asam-basa adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netralisasi_%28kimia%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Netralisasi (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">netralisasi</a> dimana
asam dan basa dalam jumlah yang sama akan membentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garam_%28kimia%29" title="Garam (kimia)">garam</a>
yang sifatnya netral.</span><br />
<span lang="IN">Reaksi asam basa memiliki berbagai definisi tergantung pada
konsep asam basa yang digunakan. Beberapa definisi yang paling umum adalah:</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
<ul type="disc"><ul type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Definisi
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrhenius&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Arrhenius (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arrhenius</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
asam berdisosiasi dalam air melepaskan ion H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>;
basa berdisosiasi dalam air melepaskan ion OH<sup>-</sup>.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Definisi
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teori_asam-basa_Br%C3%B8nsted-Lowry&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Teori asam-basa Brønsted-Lowry (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Brønsted-Lowry</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
Asam adalah pendonor proton (H<sup>+</sup>) donors; basa adalah penerima
(akseptor) proton. Melingkupi definisi Arrhenius</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Definisi
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Lewis (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lewis</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">:
Asam adalah akseptor pasangan elektron; basa adalah pendonor pasangan
elektron. Definisi ini melingkupi definisi Brønsted-Lowry.</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Presipitasi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Chemical_precipitation_diagram.svg&filetimestamp=20100314053614"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chemical_precipitation_diagram.svg/220px-Chemical_precipitation_diagram.svg.png" border="0" height="212" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.gif" width="220" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Chemical_precipitation_diagram.svg&filetimestamp=20100314053614" title=""Perbesar" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Presipitasi</span></div>
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presipitasi_%28kimia%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Presipitasi (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">Presipitasi</a> adalah
proses reaksi terbentuknya padatan (endapan) di dalam sebuah larutan sebagai
hasil dari reaksi kimia. Presipitasi ini biasanya terbentuk ketika konsentrasi
ion yang larut telah mencapai batas <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelarutan" title="Kelarutan">kelarutan</a> dan
hasilnya adalah membentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garam_%28kimia%29" title="Garam (kimia)">garam</a>.
Reaksi ini dapat dipercepat dengan menambahkan agen presipitasi atau mengurangi
pelarutnya. Reaksi presipitasi yang cepat akan menghasilkan residu
mikrokristalin dan proses yang lambat akan menghasilkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristal</a> tunggal.
Kristal tunggal juga dapat diperoleh dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rekristalisasi_%28kimia%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rekristalisasi (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">rekristalisasi</a> dari
garam mikrokristalin. </span><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi pada zat padat</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3>
<span lang="IN">Reaksi dapat terjadi di antara dua benda padat. Meski begitu,
karena tingkat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difusi" title="Difusi">difusi</a>
pada zat padat sangat rendah, maka reaksi kimia yang berlangsung terjadi sangat
lambat. Reaksi dapat dipercepat dengan cara meningkatkan suhu sehingga akan
memecah reaktan, sehingga luas permukaan kontak menjadi lebih besar. </span><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi fotokimia</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Paterno-Buchi_reaction.svg&filetimestamp=20070723161027"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Paterno-Buchi_reaction.svg/220px-Paterno-Buchi_reaction.svg.png" border="0" height="63" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.gif" width="220" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Paterno-Buchi_reaction.svg&filetimestamp=20070723161027" title=""Perbesar" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_Paterno%E2%80%93B%C3%BCchi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi Paterno–Büchi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">reaksi
Paterno–Büchi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, sebuah gugus karbonil
yang tereksitasi akan diamahkan ke </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olefin" title="Olefin"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">olefin</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
yang tidak tereksitasi, dan menghasilkan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oksetan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Oksetan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">oksetan</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_fotokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi fotokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi fotokimia</a>, atom
dan molekul akan menyerap energi (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a>) dari cahaya dan mengubahnya ke <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eksitasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Eksitasi (halaman belum tersedia)">eksitasi</a>. Atom dan molekul ini
lalu dapat melepaskan energi dengan memecahkan ikatan kimia, maka menghasilkan
radikal. Reaksi ang termasuk ke dalam reaksi fotokimia di antaranya reaksi
hidrogen-oksigen, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polimerisasi_radikal&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Polimerisasi radikal (halaman belum tersedia)">polimerisasi radikal</a>,
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_berantai&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi berantai (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi berantai</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_penataan_ulang" title="Reaksi penataan ulang">reaksi penataan ulang</a>. </span><br />
<span lang="IN">Banyak proses-proses penting menggunakan fotokimia. Contoh
yang paling umum adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a>, dimana tanaman menggunakan energi matahari
untuk mengubah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a> menjadi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosa</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> sebagai
hasil samping. Manusia mengandalkan fotokimia dalam pembentukan vitamin D, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persepsi_visual&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Persepsi visual (halaman belum tersedia)">persepsi visual</a> dihasilkan
dari reaksi fotokimia di <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhodopsin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rhodopsin (halaman belum tersedia)">rhodopsin</a>. Pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunang-kunang" title="Kunang-kunang">kunang-kunang</a>,
sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> pada
abdomen mengkatalisasi reaksi yang menghasilkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluminesensi" title="Bioluminesensi">bioluminesensi</a>.
Banyak reaksi fotokimia, seperti pembentukan ozon, terjadi di atmosfer bumi
yang merupakan bagian dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_atmosfer" title="Kimia atmosfer">kimia atmosfer</a>.</span><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Katalisis</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Activation_energy.svg&filetimestamp=20060513003506"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Activation_energy.svg/220px-Activation_energy.svg.png" border="0" height="176" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.gif" width="220" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Activation_energy.svg&filetimestamp=20060513003506" title=""Perbesar" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diagram skema energi yang menunjukkan efek
dari pemberian katalis pada sebuah reaksi kimia endotermik. Adanya katalis akan
mempercepat reaksi dengan cara menurunkan energi aktivasi. Hasil akhirnya akan
sama dengan reaksi tanpa katalis.</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalisis" title="Katalisis">katalisis</a>, reaksinya tidak berlangsung secara spontan, tapi
melalui substansi ketiga yang disebut dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalis" title="Katalis">katalis</a>. Tidak
seperti reagen lainnya yang ikut dalam reaksi kimia, katalis tidak ikut serta
dalam reaksi itu sendiri, tapi dapat menghambat, mematikan, atau menghancurkan
melalui proses sekunder. Katalis dapat digunakan pada fase yang berbeda (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katalis_heterogen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Katalis heterogen (halaman belum tersedia)">katalis heterogen</a>)
maupun pada fase yang sama (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katalis_homogen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Katalis homogen (halaman belum tersedia)">katalis homogen</a>) sebagai
reaktan. Fungsi katalis hanyalah mempercepat reaksi - zat kimia yang
memperlambat reaksi disebut dengan inhibitor. Substansi yang meningkatkan
aktivitas katalis disebut promoter, dan substansi yang mematikan katalis
disebut racun katalis. Sebuah reaksi kimia yang semestinya tidak bisa
berlangsung karena energi aktivasinya terlalu tinggi, bisa menjadi berlangsung
karena kehadiran katalis ini.</span><br />
<span lang="IN">Katalis heterogen biasanya padat dan berbentuk bubuk agar
dapat memaksimalkan luas permukaan yang bereaksi. Zat-zat yang penting pada
katalisis heterogen di antaranya logam-logam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grup_platinum&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Grup platinum (halaman belum tersedia)">grup platinum</a> dan logam
transisi lainnya. Zat-zat ini biasanya digunakan pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogenasi" title="Hidrogenasi">hidrogenasi</a>,
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pembentukan_katalitik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pembentukan katalitik (halaman belum tersedia)">pembentukan katalitik</a>
dan sintesis dari senyawa-senyawa kimia seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">asam nitrat</a>
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a>. Asam
adalah contoh dari katalis homogen, mereka meningkatkan nukleofilitas dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonil" title="Karbonil">karbonil</a>.
Kelebihan dari katalis homogen adalah mudah untuk dicampurkan dengan
reaktannya, tapi kekurangannya adalah susah dipisahkan dari produk akhirnya.
Oleh karena itu, katalis heterogen lebih dipilih di banyak proses industri. </span><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi dalam kimia organik</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h2>
<span lang="IN">Dalam kimia organik, banyak reaksi yang dapat terjadi yang
melibatkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">ikatan kovalen</a> di antara atom karbon dan heteroatom
lainnya seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a>,
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>,
atau atom-atom <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a>
lainnya. Beberapa reaksi yang lebih spesifik akan dijelaskan di bawah ini.</span><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Substitusi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3>
<span lang="IN">Dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_substitusi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi substitusi (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi substitusi</a>,
sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugus_fungsi" title="Gugus fungsi">gugus
fungsi</a> di dalam suatu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia">senyawa kimia</a> digantikan oleh gugus fungsi lainnya.
Reaksi ini dapat dibedakan lagi menjadi beberapa subtipe yaitu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitusi_nukleofilik" title="Substitusi nukleofilik">nukleofilik</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Substitusi_elektrofilik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Substitusi elektrofilik (halaman belum tersedia)">substitusi
elektrofilik</a>, atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Substitusi_radikal&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Substitusi radikal (halaman belum tersedia)">substitusi radikal</a>.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:SN1_reaction_mechanism.png&filetimestamp=20070327120846" title=""SN1 mechanism" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="SN1 mechanism" border="0" height="133" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image033.gif" width="300" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">S<sub>N</sub>1 mechanism</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:SN2_reaction_mechanism.png&filetimestamp=20060212020618" title=""SN2 mechanism" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="SN2 mechanism" border="0" height="53" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.gif" width="300" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">S<sub>N</sub>2 mechanism</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Pada tipe yang pertama, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleofil" title="Nukleofil">nukleofil</a>,
atom atau molekul yang memiliki kelebihan elektron sehingga bermuatan negatif,
akan menggantikan atom lainnya atau bagian lainnya dari molekul
"substrat". Pasangan elektron nukleofil akan bersatu dengan substrat
membentuk ikatan baru, sedangkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gugus_lepas&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gugus lepas (halaman belum tersedia)">gugus lepas</a> akan lepas
bersamaan dengan sebuah pasangan elektron. Nukleofil sendiri dapat bermuatan
netral atau positif, sedangkan substrat biasanya bermuatan positif atau netral.
Contoh nukleofil adalah ion <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksida" title="Hidroksida">hidroksida</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkoksida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alkoksida (halaman belum tersedia)">alkoksida</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina" title="Amina">amina</a>, dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halida" title="Halida">halida</a>. Reaksi
semacam ini biasanya ditemukan pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hidrokarbon_alifatik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hidrokarbon alifatik (halaman belum tersedia)">hidrokarbon alifatik</a>
dan jarang ditemukan pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrokarbon_aromatik" title="Hidrokarbon aromatik">hidrokarbon aromatik</a>. Hidrokarbon aromatik
memiliki rapatan elektron yang tingi dan hanya bisa melangsungkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Substitusi_aromatik_nukleofilik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Substitusi aromatik nukleofilik (halaman belum tersedia)">substitusi
aromatik nukleofilik</a> hanya dengan gugus penarik elektron yang sangat kuat.
Substitusi nukleofilik dapat berlangsung melalui 2 mekanisme, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_SN1" title="Reaksi SN1">Reaksi S<sub>N</sub>1</a>
dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_SN2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi SN2 (halaman belum tersedia)">S<sub>N</sub>2</a>. Menurut
namanya, S singkatan dari substitusi, N singkatan dai nukleofilik, dan, dan
angka menunjukkan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ordo_%28kimia%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ordo (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">ordo kinetik</a> reaksi,
unimolekuler atau bimolekuler.<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_kimia#cite_note-30"><sup>[31]</sup></a></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Walden-inversion-3D-balls.png&filetimestamp=20071201201516" title=""3 tahap dalam Reaksi SN2. Nukleofil berwarna hijau dan gugus lepas berwarna merah" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="3 tahap dalam Reaksi SN2. Nukleofil berwarna hijau dan gugus lepas berwarna merah" border="0" height="196" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image037.gif" width="120" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3 tahap dalam </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_SN2&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi SN2 (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi S<sub>N</sub>2</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
Nukleofil berwarna hijau dan gugus lepas berwarna merah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:SN2-Walden-before-and-after-horizontal-3D-balls.png&filetimestamp=20071201202541" title=""Reaksi SN2 menyebabkan inversi stereo (inversi Walden)" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Reaksi SN2 menyebabkan inversi stereo (inversi Walden)" border="0" height="58" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image039.gif" width="120" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi S<sub>N</sub>2 menyebabkan
inversi stereo (inversi Walden)</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Reaksi S<sub>N</sub>1 berlangsung dalam 2 tahap. Tahap
pertama, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gugus_lepas&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gugus lepas (halaman belum tersedia)">gugus lepas</a> akan lepas dan
membentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karbokation&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Karbokation (halaman belum tersedia)">karbokation</a>. Tahap ini akan
diikuti reaksi yang sangat cepat dengan nukleofil. </span><br />
<span lang="IN">Dalam mekanisme S<sub>N</sub>2, nukleofil akan membentuk tahap
transisi dengan molekul yang lepas saja yang terlekang. Kedua mekanisme ini
berbeda pada hasil <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stereokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Stereokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">stereokimianya</a>. Reaksi S<sub>N</sub>1
menghasilkan adisi non-stereospesifik dan tidak menghasilkan pusat <i>chiral</i>,
melainkan dalam bentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isomerisme_cis%E2%80%93trans&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Isomerisme cis–trans (halaman belum tersedia)">isomer geometri</a> (<i>cis/trans</i>).
Kebalikannya, inversi Warden-lah yang diamati pada mekanisme S<sub>N</sub>2. </span><br />
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Substitusi_elektrofilik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Substitusi elektrofilik (halaman belum tersedia)">Substitusi
elektrofilik</a> merupakan kebalikan dari substitusi nukleofilik di mana atom
atau molekul yang melepas, atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elektrofil&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Elektrofil (halaman belum tersedia)">elektrofilnya</a>, mempunyai
kerapatan elektron yang rendah sehingga bermuatan positif. Biasanya elektrofil
ini adalah atom karbon dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gugus_karbonil&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gugus karbonil (halaman belum tersedia)">gugus karbonil</a>, karbokation
atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> atau
kation <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitronium&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nitronium (halaman belum tersedia)">nitronium</a>. Reaksi ini
berlangsung pada hidrokarbon aromatik saja, sehingga disebut <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitusi_aromatik_elektrofilik" title="Substitusi aromatik elektrofilik">substitusi aromatik elektrofilik</a>.
Serangan elektrofil akan menciptakan kompleks yang disebut sebagai σ-compleks,
sebuah fase transisi di mana sistem aromatiknya hilang. Lalu, gugus lepas
(biasanya proton), akan terpisah dan sifat kearomatikannya kembali. Alternatif
lain untuk substitusi aromatik adalah substitusi alifatik elektrofilik.
Substitusi ini mirip dengan substitusi aromatik elektrofilik dan juga mempunyai
2 tipe utama yaitu S<sub>E</sub>1 dan S<sub>E</sub>2</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Electrophilic_aromatic_substitution.svg&filetimestamp=20120226131854"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Electrophilic_aromatic_substitution.svg/648px-Electrophilic_aromatic_substitution.svg.png" border="0" height="301" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image041.gif" width="648" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Electrophilic_aromatic_substitution.svg&filetimestamp=20120226131854" title=""Perbesar" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mekanisme dari substitusi aromatik
elektrofilik</span></div>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adisi dan eliminasi</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3>
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_adisi" title="Reaksi adisi">Adisi</a> dan pasangannya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_eliminasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reaksi eliminasi (halaman belum tersedia)">eliminasi</a> merupakan
reaksi yang mengubah jumlah substituen dalam atom karbon, dan membentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">ikatan
kovalen</a>. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_ganda" title="Ikatan ganda">Ikatan ganda</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_tiga&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ikatan tiga (halaman belum tersedia)">tiga</a> dapat dihasilkan dengan
mengeliminasi gugus lepas yang cocok. Seperti substitusi nukleofilik, ada
beberapa mekanisme reaksi yang mungkin terjadi. Dalam mekanisme E1, gugus lepas
terlebih dahulu melepas dan membentuk karbokation. Selanjutnya, pembentukan
ikatan ganda terjadi melalui eliminasi proton (<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprotonasi" title="Deprotonasi">deprotonasi</a>).
Dalam mekanisme E1cb, urutan pelepasan terbalik: proton dieliminasi terlebih
dahulu. Dalam mekanisme ini keterlibatan suatu basa harus ada. Reaksi dalam
eliminasi E1 maupun E1cb selalu bersaing dengan substitusi S<sub>N</sub>1
karena memiliki kondisi reaksi kondisi yang sama. </span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 804px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:E1-mechanism.svg&filetimestamp=20091015180508" title=""Eliminasi E1" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Eliminasi E1" border="0" height="76" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image043.gif" width="400" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 1.5pt;" valign="top" width="2"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:E1cb-mechanism.svg&filetimestamp=20091103062228" title=""Eliminasi E1" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Eliminasi E1" border="0" height="121" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image045.gif" width="400" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eliminasi E1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">eliminasi E1cb</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:E2-mechanism.svg&filetimestamp=20091103062533"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/E2-mechanism.svg/300px-E2-mechanism.svg.png" border="0" height="141" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image047.gif" width="300" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:E2-mechanism.svg&filetimestamp=20091103062533" title=""Perbesar" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eliminasi E2</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Mekanisme E2 juga memerlukan basa. Akan tetapi, pergantian
posisi basa dan eliminasi gugus lepas berlangsung secara serentak dan tidak
menghasilkan zat antara ionik. Berbeda dengan eliminasi E1, konfigurasi
stereokimia yang berbeda dapat dihasilkan dalam reaksi yang memiliki mekanisme
E2 karena basa akan lebih memfavoritkan eleminasi proton yang berada pada
posisi-anti terhadap gugus lepas. Oleh karena kondisi dan reagen reaksi yang
mirip, eliminasi E2 selalu bersaing dengan substitusi S<sub>N</sub>2. </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:HBr-Addition.png&filetimestamp=20081025172639"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/HBr-Addition.png/300px-HBr-Addition.png" border="0" height="46" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image049.gif" width="300" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:HBr-Addition.png&filetimestamp=20081025172639" title=""Perbesar" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adisi elektrofilik hidrogen bromida</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Kebalikan dari reaksi eliminasi adalah reaksi adisi. Pada
reaksi adisi, ikatan rangkap dua atau rangkap tiga diubah menjadi ikatan
rangkap tunggal. Mirip dengan reaksi substitusi, ada beberapa tipe dari adisi
yang dibedakan dari partikel yang mengadisi. Contohnya, pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adisi_elektrofilik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Adisi elektrofilik (halaman belum tersedia)">adisi elektrofilik</a>
hidrogen bromida, sebuah elektrofil (proton) akan mengganti ikatan rangkap
ganda dan membentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karbokation&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Karbokation (halaman belum tersedia)">karbokation</a>, lalu kemudian
bereaksi dengan nukleofil (bromin). Karbokation dapat terbentuk di salah satu
ikatan rangkap tergantung dari gugus yang melekat di akhir. Konfigurasi yang
lebih tepat dapat diprediksikan dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aturan_Markovnikov&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Aturan Markovnikov (halaman belum tersedia)">aturan Markovnikov</a>.<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_kimia#cite_note-37"><sup>[38]</sup></a>
Aturan Markovnikov mengatakan: "Pada adisi heterolitik dari sebuuah
molekul polar pada alkena atau alkuna, atom yang mempunyai keelektronegatifan
yang besar, maka akan terikat pada atom karbon yang mengikat atom hidrogen yang
lebih sedikit." </span><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi kimia organik lainnya</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Cope_Rearrangement_Scheme.png&filetimestamp=20050521215223"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cope_Rearrangement_Scheme.png/220px-Cope_Rearrangement_Scheme.png" border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image051.gif" width="220" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Cope_Rearrangement_Scheme.png&filetimestamp=20050521215223" title=""Perbesar" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penataan ulang dari
3-metil-1,5-heksadiena</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Diels_Alder_Mechanismus.svg&filetimestamp=20091112151720" title=""Mekanisme dari reaksi Diels-Alder" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Mekanisme dari reaksi Diels-Alder" border="0" height="77" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image053.gif" width="220" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mekanisme dari reaksi Diels-Alder</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Diels_Alder_Orbitale.svg&filetimestamp=20091111124053" title=""Orbital overlap in a Diels-Alder reaction" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Orbital overlap in a Diels-Alder reaction" border="0" height="149" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image055.gif" width="220" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Orbital overlap in a Diels-Alder
reaction</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_penataan_ulang" title="Reaksi penataan ulang">reaksi penataan ulang</a>, kerangka karbon dari
sebuah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a>
disusun ulang sehingga membentuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isomer_struktur&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Isomer struktur (halaman belum tersedia)">isomer struktur</a> dari
molekul aslinya. Reaksi ini termasuk dengan [reaksi sigmatropik]] seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penataan_ulang_Wagner-Meerwein&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Penataan ulang Wagner-Meerwein (halaman belum tersedia)">penataan ulang
Wagner-Meerwein</a>, dimana gugus <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkil" title="Alkil">alkil</a>, atau <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aril&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Aril (halaman belum tersedia)">aril</a> berpindah-pindah tempat dari
suatu atom karbon ke atom karbon lainnya. Kebanyakan reaksi penataan ulang
adalah pemutusan dan pembentukan ikatan karbon-karbon baru. Contoh lain dari
reaksi ini adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penataan_ulang_cope&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Penataan ulang cope (halaman belum tersedia)">penataan ulang cope</a>. </span><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi lainnya</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h2>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isomerisasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Isomerisasi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Isomerisasi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
yang mana senyawa kimia menjalani penataan ulang struktur tanpa perubahan
pada komposisi atomnya</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembakaran" title="Pembakaran"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pembakaran</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
adalah sejenis reaksi redoks yang mana bahan-bahan yang dapat terbakar
bergabung dengan unsur-unsur oksidator, biasanya oksigen, untuk
menghasilkan panas dan membentuk produk yang teroksidasi. Istilah
pembakaran biasanya digunakan untuk merujuk hanya pada oksidasi skala
besar pada keseluruhan molekul. Oksidasi terkontrol hanya pada satu gugus
fungsi tunggal tidak termasuk dalam proses pembakaran.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>8</sub>+
12 O<sub>2</sub> → 10 CO<sub>2</sub> + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CH<sub>2</sub>S
+ 6 </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">F<sub>2</sub></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
→ </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karbon_tetrafluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Karbon tetrafluorida (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CF<sub>4</sub></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
+ 2 </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen_fluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hidrogen fluorida (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">HF</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
+ </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfur_heksafluorida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sulfur heksafluorida (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SF<sub>6</sub></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disproporsionasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Disproporsionasi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Disproporsionasi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
dengan satu reaktan membentuk dua jenis produk yang berbeda hanya pada
keadaan oksidasinya.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2 Sn<sup>2+</sup> → Sn
+ Sn<sup>4+</sup></span></div>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kinetika kimia</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="!" border="0" height="20" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image057.gif" width="20" /></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Artikel
utama untuk bagian ini adalah: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetika_kimia" title="Kinetika kimia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kinetika
kimia</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laju_reaksi" title="Laju reaksi">Laju reaksi</a> suatu reaksi kimia merupakan pengukuran
bagaimana <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsentrasi" title="Konsentrasi">konsentrasi</a>
ataupun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan" title="Tekanan">tekanan</a>
zat-zat yang terlibat dalam reaksi berubah seiring dengan berjalannya waktu.
Analisis laju reaksi sangatlah penting dan memiliki banyak kegunaan, misalnya
dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknik_kimia" title="Teknik kimia">teknik
kimia</a> dan kajian <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kesetimbangan_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kesetimbangan kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">kesetimbangan kimia</a>.
Laju reaksi secara mendasar tergantung pada:</span><br />
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Konsentrasi
</span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktan" title="Reaktan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">reaktan</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
yang biasanya membuat reaksi berjalan dengan lebih cepat apabila
konsentrasinya dinaikkan. Hal ini diakibatkan karena peningkatan
pertumbukan atom per satuan waktu,</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luas_permukaan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Luas permukaan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Luas permukaan</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
yang tersedia bagi reaktan untuk saling berinteraksi, terutama reaktan
padat dalam sistem heterogen. Luas permukaan yang besar akan meningkatkan
laju reaksi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan" title="Tekanan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tekanan</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
dengan meningkatkan tekanan, kita menurunkan volume antar molekul sehingga
akan meningkatkan frekuensi tumbukan molekul.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_aktivasi" title="Energi aktivasi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Energi
aktivasi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, yang didefinisikan sebagai jumlah
energi yang diperlukan untuk membuat reaksi bermulai dan berjalan secara
spontan. Energi aktivasi yang lebih tinggi mengimplikasikan bahwa reaktan
memerlukan lebih banyak energi untuk memulai reaksi daripada reaksi yang
berenergi aktivasi lebih rendah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur" title="Temperatur"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Temperatur</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
yang meningkatkan laju reaksi apabila dinaikkan, hal ini dikarenakan
temperatur yang tinggi meningkatkan energi molekul, sehingga meningkatkan
tumbukan antar molekul per satuan waktu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Keberadaan
ataupun ketiadaan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalis" title="Katalis"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">katalis</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
Katalis adalah zat yang mengubah lintasan (mekanisme) suatu reaksi dan akan
meningkatkan laju reaksi dengan menurunkan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_aktivasi" title="Energi aktivasi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">energi
aktivasi</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> yang diperlukan agar reaksi dapat
berjalan. Katalis tidak dikonsumsi ataupun berubah selama reaksi, sehingga
ia dapat digunakan kembali.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Untuk
beberapa reaksi, keberadaan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiasi_elektromagnetik" title="Radiasi elektromagnetik"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">radiasi elektromagnetik</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
utamanya </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ultraviolet</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
diperlukan untuk memutuskan ikatan yang diperlukan agar reaksi dapat
bermulai. Hal ini utamanya terjadi pada reaksi yang melibatkan </span><span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radikal&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Radikal (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">radikal</span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></li>
</ul>
<span lang="IN">Laju reaksi berhubungan dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsentrasi" title="Konsentrasi">konsentrasi</a>
zat-zat yang terlibat dalam reaksi. Hubungan ini ditentukan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_laju&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Persamaan laju (halaman belum tersedia)">persamaan laju</a> tiap-tiap
reaksi. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa beberapa reaksi memiliki kelajuan yang <i>tidak
tergantung</i> pada konsentrasi reaksi. Hal ini disebut sebagai reaksi orde
nol.</span><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi biokimia</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Induced_fit_diagram.svg&filetimestamp=20061011215734"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Induced_fit_diagram.svg/380px-Induced_fit_diagram.svg.png" border="0" height="148" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image059.gif" width="380" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Induced_fit_diagram.svg&filetimestamp=20061011215734" title=""Perbesar" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ilustrasi dari aktivitas enzim pada
reaksi biokimia</span></div>
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Reaksi biokimia</a> pada umumnya dikendalikan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a>. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein-protein</a>
ini hanya dapat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katalisis_enzim&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Katalisis enzim (halaman belum tersedia)">mengkatalis</a> satu jenis
reaksi yang spesifik, sehingga reaksinya benar-benar dapat dikontrol. Reaksi
ini berlangsung pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sisi_aktif&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sisi aktif (halaman belum tersedia)">sisi aktif</a> dari substrat.
Reaksi katalisasi enzim ini bergantung pada banyak hal, di antaranya adalah
bentuk enzimnya, jenis ikatannya, interaksi elektrostatik, pemberian dan
penerimaan proton (pada reaksi asam/basa), dan lainnya. </span><br />
<span lang="IN">Reaksi kimia yang berlangsung di dalam tubuh makhluk hidup
biasanya juga dikenal dengan sebutan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a>.
Diantara semua reaksi-reaksi ini, reaksi yang paling penting adalah reaksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolisme" title="Anabolisme">anabolisme</a>,
dimana <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> dan
enzim-terkontrol memproses pembentukan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat">karbohidrat</a>
dari senyawa-senyawa yang lebih kecil. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bioenergitika&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bioenergitika (halaman belum tersedia)">Bioenergitika</a> mempelajari
sumber energi untuk reaksi biokimia. Sumber energi yang paling penting dalam
reaksi ini adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosa</a>,
yang diproduksi tanaman melalui proses <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a>.
Semua organisme membutuhkan glukosa untuk memproduksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosin_trifosfat" title="Adenosin trifosfat">adenosin trifosfat</a> (ATP), yang digunakan makhluk
hidup untuk menjalankan aktivitasnya.</span><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penggunaan reaksi kimia</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Velp-thermitewelding-1.jpg&filetimestamp=20070226115833"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Velp-thermitewelding-1.jpg/220px-Velp-thermitewelding-1.jpg" border="0" height="165" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image060.jpg" width="220" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Velp-thermitewelding-1.jpg&filetimestamp=20070226115833" title=""Perbesar" "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\PC_04\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi termit digunakan dalam proses
pengelasan.</span></div>
<span lang="IN">Reaksi kimia sangat sering digunakan oleh para ahli <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknik_kimia" title="Teknik kimia">teknik
kimia</a> untuk mensintesis senyawa baru dari sumber daya alam mentah di alam,
seperti <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_bumi" title="Minyak bumi">minyak
bumi</a> dan bijih-bijih mineral. Merupakan suatu hal yang penting untuk
membuat reaksi yang seefisien mungkin, memaksimalkan hasil yang bisa diperoleh
dan meminimalkan reagen yang dipakai, energi masuk dan energi keluar. <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalis" title="Katalis">Katalis</a> biasanya
digunakan untuk mengurangi energi aktivasi sehingga meningkatkan laju
reaksinya. </span><br />
<span lang="IN">Beberapa reaksi yang spesifik mempunyai penggunaan yang
khusus. Misalnya, reaksi <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Termit&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Termit (halaman belum tersedia)">termit</a> dipakai untuk menghasilkan
cahaya dan panas pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piroteknik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Piroteknik (halaman belum tersedia)">piroteknik</a> dan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pengelasan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pengelasan (halaman belum tersedia)">pengelasan</a>. Meskipun reaksi ini
lebih agak sulit dikontrol daripada reakai-reaksi sebelumnua, tapi alat-alat
yang dibutuhkan jauh lebih sedikit dan sampai saat ini masih digunakan untuk
memperbaiki jalur-jalur kereta api di tempat-tempat terpelosok. </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-54924654623143846902014-03-07T19:00:00.001-08:002014-03-07T19:00:18.889-08:00PENGERTIAN KONDENSOR<!--[if !mso]>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Kondensator</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kondensator atau sering disebut sebagai
kapasitor adalah suatu alat yang dapat menyimpan energi di dalam medan listrik,
dengan cara mengumpulkan ketidakseimbangan internal dari muatan listrik.
Kondensator memiliki satuan yang disebut Farad dari nama Michael Faraday.
Kondensator juga dikenal sebagai "kapasitor", namun kata
"kondensator" masih dipakai hingga saat ini. Pertama disebut oleh
Alessandro Volta seorang ilmuwan Italia pada tahun 1782 (dari bahasa Itali
condensatore), berkenaan dengan kemampuan alat untuk menyimpan suatu muatan
listrik yang tinggi dibanding komponen lainnya. Kebanyakan bahasa dan negara
yang tidak menggunakan bahasa Inggris masih mengacu pada perkataan bahasa
Italia "condensatore", bahasa Perancis condensateur, Indonesia dan
Jerman Kondensator atau Spanyol Condensador.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kondensator diidentikkan mempunyai dua kaki
dan dua kutub yaitu positif dan negatif serta memiliki cairan elektrolit dan
biasanya berbentuk tabung. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><img height="37" src="file:///C:\Users\windows7\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" width="37" /><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lambang
kondensator (mempunyai kutub) pada skema elektronika.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Sedangkan jenis yang satunya lagi
kebanyakan nilai kapasitasnya lebih rendah, tidak mempunyai kutub positif atau
negatif pada kakinya, kebanyakan berbentuk bulat pipih berwarna coklat, merah,
hijau dan lainnya seperti tablet atau kancing baju.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><img height="37" src="file:///C:\Users\windows7\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="37" /><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lambang kapasitor (tidak mempunyai kutub) pada
skema elektronika. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Namun kebiasaan dan kondisi serta
artikulasi bahasa setiap negara tergantung pada masyarakat yang lebih sering
menyebutkannya. Kini kebiasaan orang tersebut hanya menyebutkan salah satu nama
yang paling dominan digunakan atau lebih sering didengar. Pada masa kini,
kondensator sering disebut kapasitor (capacitor) ataupun sebaliknya yang pada
ilmu elektronika disingkat dengan huruf (C).</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US"><img height="186" src="file:///C:\Users\windows7\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="212" /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kapasitor
dalam rangkaian elektronik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">1 Kapasitansi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">2 Wujud dan Macam kondensator</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">3 Jenis kondensator</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kapasitansi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Satuan dari kapasitansi kondensator adalah
Farad (F). Namun Farad adalah satuan yang terlalu besar, sehingga digunakan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Pikofarad (pF) = <img height="19" src="file:///C:\Users\windows7\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg" width="97" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Nanofarad (nF) = <img height="19" src="file:///C:\Users\windows7\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="90" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Microfarad () = <img height="19" src="file:///C:\Users\windows7\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg" width="90" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kapasitansi dari kondensator dapat
ditentukan dengan rumus:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><img height="41" src="file:///C:\Users\windows7\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.jpg" width="89" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">C : Kapasitansi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">ε0 : permitivitas
hampa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">εr : permitivitas
relatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">A : luas pelat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">d :jarak antar
pelat/tebal dielektrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Adapun cara memperbesar kapasitansi
kapasitor atau kondensator dengan jalan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Menyusunnya berlapis-lapis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memperluas permukaan variabel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Memakai bahan dengan daya tembus besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Permitivitas Relatif
Dielektrik</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 47.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="224">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Dielektrik</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="236">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Permitivitas</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="224">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Keramik rugi rendah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">7</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="224">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Keramik k tinggi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">50.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="224">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Mika perak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">6</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="224">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kertas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">4`</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="224">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Film plastik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">2,8</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="224">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Polikarbonat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">2,4</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="224">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Polistiren</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3,3</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="224">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Poliester</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Poliester</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="224">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Poliester Polipropilen</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">8</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="224">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Elektrolit aluminium</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">25</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 134.65pt;" valign="top" width="224">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Elektrolit tantalum</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">35</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Wujud dan Macam
kondensator</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 771px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="10" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 462.55pt;" valign="top" width="771">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Karakteristik
kondensator</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 69.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 69.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.05pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tipe</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.0pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Jangkauan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Toleransi (%)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tegangan AC </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">lazim (V)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Tegangan DC </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">azim (V)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.45pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Koefisien
suhu (ppm/C)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.45pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Frekuensi pancung fR
(MHz)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.45pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Sudut rugi ()</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.45pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Resistansi bocoran (Ω)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.2pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Stabilitas</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.05pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kertas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.0pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">10 nF - 10 uF</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">± 10%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">500 V</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">600 V</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">300 ppm/C<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">0,1 MHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">0,01</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">109 Ω</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.2pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">lumayan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.05pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Mika perak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.0pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">5 pF - 10 nF</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">± 0,5%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">400 V</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">100 ppm/C</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">10 MHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">0,0005</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">1011 Ω</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.2pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Baik sekali</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.05pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Keramik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.0pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">5 pF - 1 uF</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">± 10%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">250 V</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">400 V<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">30 ppm/C</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">10 MHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">0,01</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">108 Ω</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.2pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.05pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Polystyrene</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.0pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.2pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.05pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Polyester</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.0pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.2pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.05pt;" valign="top" width="58">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Polypropylene</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 50.0pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="83">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="95">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.5pt;" valign="top" width="71">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="47">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.2pt;" valign="top" width="50">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 12;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>50
pF - 500 nF<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>± 1%<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>150 V<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>500
V<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-150 ppm/C<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>10 MHz<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,0005<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1012 Ω<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Baik
sekali</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>100
pF - 2 uF<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>± 5%<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>400 V<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>400
V<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>400 ppm/C<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1 MHz<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,001<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1011 Ω<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cukup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1
nF - 100 uF<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>± 5%<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>600 V<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>900
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Elektrolit aluminium<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1 uF - 1 F<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>±
50%<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terpolarisasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>400 V<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1500
ppm/C<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,05 MHz<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,05<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>108 Ω<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cukup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Elektrolit tantalum<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1 uF - 2000 uF<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>±
10%<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terpolarisasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>60 V<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>500
ppm/C<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,1 MHz<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0,005<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>108 Ω<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Baik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US">Jenis
kondensator</span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Berdasarkan
kegunaannya kondensator dibagi dalam:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kondensator tetap
(nilai kapasitasnya tetap tidak dapat diubah)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kondensator
elektrolit (Electrolite Condenser = Elco)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kondensator variabel
(nilai kapasitasnya dapat diubah-ubah)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">ppm </span></b><span lang="EN-US">adalah kepanjangan part per million,
bisa juga dituliskan dalam mg/kg atau mg/L.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jadi kalau ada
2000 ppm senyawa X di dalam air, berarti ada 2000 mg atau 2 gram senyawa X
didalam 1 L air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dan kalau ada
2000 ppm senyawa X di dalam tanah, berarti ada 2000 mg atau 2 gram senyawa X
didalam 1 kg tanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">Faktor konversi
yang sering dipakai:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">1% = 10000 ppm </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">jadi 2000 ppm =
0.2%</span></div>
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<![endif]-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-61665672223306257802014-03-07T18:55:00.002-08:002014-03-07T18:55:53.514-08:00CONTOH DOKUMEN AMDALANALISIS DOKUMEN AMDAL KEGIATAN IZIN IUPHHK-HT DI AREAL TAMBAHAN<br />KABUPATEN PELALAWAN, SIAK DAN BENGKALIS PT. RAPP<br />Dokumen AMDAL Tahun 2004-2006<br />(SK Menteri Kehutanan No. S.143/Menhut-VI/2004 dan Kpts 326/VII/2006)<br />Khairunnazmi<br />A. Dokumen ANDAL 2004 dan 2006<br />Isi Dokumen ANDAL yang disusun pada tahun 2004 sama dengan ANDAL yang disusun pada Tahun 2006. Sehingga analisis yang dilakukan juga sama antara kedua dokumen tersebut.<br />1. Secara umum pada kedua dokumen ANDAL (2004 dan 2006) perlu dilakukan ploting lokasi kegiatan PT. RAPP di areal penambahan kedalam peta Rencana Tata Ruang Provinsi Riau (Perda No. 10 Tahun 1994) untuk melihat kecocokan fungsi/pemanfaatan lahan dengan kegiatan yang dilaksanakan PT. RAPP. (Tim penggugat harus memverifikasi kebenaran plot yg dilakukan konsultan amdal terhadap Peta tataruang riau) (TII: V1=Tidak boleh dilanjutkan penyusunan amdal jika terbukti tidak sesuai dengan tataruang provinsi, rujukan: PP 27 tahun 1999 tentang AMDAL) (V2: peta konsesi mereka di overlay/tumpang susun terhadap peta tataruang provinsi)<br />2. Bukti sosialisasi kegiatan pada masyarakat hanya berupa foto yang dilakukan di Desa Penyengat Kec. Sungai Apit Kabupaten Siak yang dihadiri oleh beberapa orang tanpa dilengkapi dengan BAP (Berita Acara Pertemuan) dan absensi peserta, sehingga tidak terlihat adanya proses konsultasi public dalam proses penyusunan AMDAL. Hal ini tidak mengakomodir Keputusan Kepala Bapedal No. 08 Tahun 2000, tentang Keterlibatan Masyarakat dan Keterbukaan Informasi Dalam Proses AMDAL dan Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup No : 2 Tahun 2000, tentang Panduan Penilaian Dokumen AMDAL. (Hal IV-8 dan Lampiran). (KBH: sosialisasi cacat karena dilakukan di satu desa saja, dan tidak melampirkan absen dan berita acara)<br />Lampiran a. Berita acara pertemuan no: 08/RAKKUS-JKLHR/06.05.2011<br />Page 2 of 5<br />3. Sosialisasi kegiatan yang dilaksanakan tidak representatif karena tidak mewakili seluruh desa di wilayah studi. Hal ini tidak mengakomodir Keputusan Kepala Bapedal No. 08 Tahun 2000, tentang Keterlibatan Masyarakat dan Keterbukaan Informasi Dalam Proses AMDAL. (Hal IV-8 dan Lampiran).<br />4. Dalam Dokumen ANDAL tidak terdapat/terlampir semua perizinan yang dimiliki. Seharusnya semua perizinan yang dimiliki harus dilampirkan pada dokumen sebagai syarat kelengkapan dokumen, sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup No : 2 Tahun 2000, tentang Panduan Penilaian Dokumen AMDAL.<br />5. Biodata tim penyusun AMDAL tidak dimuat dalam lampiran dokumen ANDAL. Hal ini diperlukan untuk melihat bidang keilmuan dan relevansinya dengan kajian Amdal yang dilakukan serta sebagai syarat kelengkapan dokumen ANDAL (Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup No : 2 Tahun 2000, tentang Panduan Penilaian Dokumen Amdal).<br />6. Pada Metode studi Sosekbud tidak dijelaskan berapa jumlah dari masyarakat disetiap desa di wilayah studi yang dijadikan responden yang diwawancarai terkait kegiatan yang dilaksanakan PT. RAPP, untuk melihat keterwakilan masyarakat dalam proses AMDAL dan persepsi dari masyarakat. (Tabel III – 1, hal III-3). (rujukan: keputusan kepala bipedal no 56 tahun 1990) 30% dari jumlah penduduk. Dikaitkan dengan criteria penilaian dampak besar penting.<br />7. Terdapat tumpang tindih penguasaan lahan seluas 135.863,59 ha dan tidak ada bukti atau verifikasi dari penyelesaian permasalahan tumpang tindih lahan tersebut. (Hal IV-9). (nazmi: seharusnya ada surat yang menjelaskan telah terjadi penyelesai konflik lahan) rujukan keputusan mentri kehutanan (harus dicari tim penggugat)<br />8. Terdapat kubah gambut oligotropik yang terpengaruh air asin dengan ketebalan gambut lebih dari 2 m seluas 128.704 ha di blok Kampar dan kubah gambut oligotropik air tawar dengan kedalaman gambut lebih dari 2 m seluas 51.942 ha diblok Pulau Padang. Data ini diperoleh dari data sekunder yang perlu dilakukan kajian atau inventarisasi lahan gambut secara langsung di lapangan. (Tabel V-11, Hal V-25). (peneliti amdal tidak menjalankan metodologi dan analisis dengan tuntas tentang<br />Lampiran a. Berita acara pertemuan no: 08/RAKKUS-JKLHR/06.05.2011<br />Page 3 of 5<br />gambut). Acuan Kepmen LH no 5 tahun 2000 tentang panduan penyusunan amdal kegiatan pembangunan di daerah lahan basah.)<br />9. Plot/titik pengambilan sampel kualitas air permukaan tidak relevan dengan lokasi kegiatan PT. RAPP di Blok Kampar dan Blok Pulau Padang, karena salah satu titik pengambilan sampel dilakukan di Muara Sungai Siak dan Hulu Sungai Siak yang tidak ada kaitannya dengan kegiatan yang dilaksanakan PT. RAPP di Blok Kampar dan Blok Pulau Padang. (Lampiran).<br />10. (menurut Nazmi: Lokasi pengambilan sampel kualitas air permukaan tidak representatif, seharusnya diambil dibagian hulu dan hilir pada sungai-sungai yang terdapat di lokasi kegiatan untuk menggambarkan wilayah persebaran dampak yang terjadi pada kualitas air. (Lampiran) (seharusnya bukan pada hulu sungai siak atau muara sungai siak tetapi sungai-sungai yang ada pada SK 327) saran: tim penggugat silahkan inventarisir sungai-sungai yang belum diteliti oleh tim tim peneliti amdal, sehurusnya juga ada sampling di tasik metas dan tasik putri puyuh dipulau padang)<br />11. Beberapa kegiatan yang dilaksanakan pada tahap prakonstruksi dan kontruksi berpotensi menimbulkan dampak negatif pada komponen sosial, yaitu munculnya konflik sosial. Kegiatan tersebut antara lain : 1)Permasalahan Lahan pada tahap prakonstruksi. 2) Penataan batas luar pada tahap konstruksi. 3) Pembukaan wilayah hutan pada tahap konstruksi. 4) Pembuatan kanal dan saluran drainase pada tahap konstruksi<br />Dampak munculnya konflik sosial ini tidak dijadikan sebagai dampak besar dan penting yang harus dikelola dan dipantau, sehingga jika terjadi konflik sosial tidak ada acuan dalam pengelolaan dan pemantauannya.<br />B. Khusus Dokumen ANDAL Tahun 2006.<br />1. Dalam Surat Keputusan Bupati Kabupaten Pelalawan No. 522/DISHUT/801, tanggal 12 Juni 2005 Tentang Rekomendasi Penambahan/Perluasan Areal Kerja IUPHHK-HT atas nama PT. RAPP pada point C. Ditegaskan Areal yang kedalaman gambut > 3 meter agar dilakukan enclave. Artinya seluruh areal dilokasi kegiatan yang mempunyai kedalaman gambut > 3 meter harus dienclave. (Lampiran) (greenpeace: overlay peta wetland (?) dengan peta konsesi sehingga akan terlihat berapa luas seharusnya dienclave) (nazmi: peneliti menggunakan klasifikasi kedalaman gambut lebih dari 2 meter bukan klasifikasi kedalaman lebih dari 3 meter. Karana mengguna peta acuan “satuan lahan dan tanah” yang dicari<br />Lampiran a. Berita acara pertemuan no: 08/RAKKUS-JKLHR/06.05.2011<br />Page 4 of 5<br />oleh raflis dan diserahkan kepada LBH/KBH). (seharusnya menampilkan dan meng-overlay peta sebaran gambut yang akan disediakan oleh coordinator Jikalahari)<br />2. Pada daftar hadir Rapat Penilaian Dokumen ANDAL, RKL dan RPL Kegiatan Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Hutan Kayu pada Tanaman (IUPHHK-HT) di areal tambahan Kabupaten Pelalawan, Siak dan Bengkalis atas nama PT. RAPP tanggal 20 Oktober 2004 di kantor Bapedal Provinsi Riau, hanya dihadiri oleh wakil masyarakat Sei Apit dan Pulau Muda. Hal ini tidak mewakili seluruh desa/kecamatan yang ada di wilayah studi. (Lampiran)<br />3. Daftar hadir tersebut diatas dimuat pada lampiran Dokumen ANDAL tahun 2006, bukan pada Dokumen ANDAL 2004. (menurut nazmi: daftar hadir tahun 2004 digunakan lagi pada amadal tahun 2006, seharusnya daftar hadir tahun 2006 ini membuktikan bahwa mereka tidak melakukan pertemuan lagi di tahun 2006).<br />4. Hasil analisis kualitas air permukaan dan plankton pada dokumen ANDAL 2006 memakai data hasil analisis pada dokumen ANDAL 2004. Hal ini tidak relevan/mewakili kondisi rona lingkungan pada tahun 2006. (Lampiran)<br />Masukan tambahan:<br />• Menggunakan rujukan reverensi dari sebuah keputusan yang sudah tidak berlaku maka termasuk dalam kejahatan/mal administrasi pelayan public sehingga melanggar uu ombudsman dan uu pelayanan public nomer akan dicarikan scale up)<br />Rekomendasi dari diskusi ini:<br />Lampiran a. Berita acara pertemuan no: 08/RAKKUS-JKLHR/06.05.2011<br />Page 5 of 5<br />1. Bahan analisis dokumen amdal oleh Susanto kurniawan dan Khairunazmi diserahkan kepada tim penggugat untuk dijadikan bahan penyusunan berkas gugatan<br />2. Dokumen amdal (Andal, RKL, RPL) dititipkan Jikalahari kepada Tim penggugat.<br />3. Tim penggugat adalah LSM dan Jaringan LSM dan Jaringan masyarakat<br />4. Kuasa hukum adalah KBH dan LBH dengan principal 1 dan principal 2.<br />5. Prinsipal 1 adalah Masyarakat (citizen law suit)<br />6. Prinsipal 2 adalah Walhi (legal standing)<br />7. indicator kemenangan proses penggugatan: 1) Cabut SK 327 dan menyerahakan pengelolaan kepada masyarakat 2) Kalah<br />8. Perkiraan biaya principal 1.<br />9. Perkiraan biaya principal 2.<br />Gugatan<br />Tergugat<br />Kompetensi Gugatan<br />citizen law suit<br />Menhut, Gubernur Riau<br />PN Pelalawan<br />legal standing<br />Menhut, Gubernur Riau, RAPP, Konsultan Amdal (PT. Widya Cipta Buana di Bandung<br />PN Pekanbaru<br />10. Penyusunan anggaran oleh Kuasa hokum dan akan dipresentasikan di depan Tim Penggugat pada Jumat 9 Mei 20011 kirim via email<br />11. Diselenggarakan pertemuan penyusunan Tim support gugatan di Walhi tanggal 16 Mei 2011, Pukul 10.00 wib.<br />Sekian, 06 Mei 2011<br />Pimpinan Rapat : Suryadi<br />Notulensi: Fadil Nandila<br />Lampiran b. Berita acara pertemuan no: 08/RAKKUS-JKLHR/06.05.2011<br />1 | P a g e<br />ANALISIS ANDAL Kpts 326/VII/2006<br />KONSESI PT RAPP SK 327/MENHUT-II/2009<br />Susanto Kurniawan<br />1. Dalam SK 522/Ekbang/3310 yang menjadi konsideran dalam SK Menhut 327/Menhut-II/2009 tentang Perubahan ketiga Kepmenhut No. 130/KPTS-II/1993 tentang Pemberian HPHTI kepada PT RAPP, pasal 1 areal yang direkomendasikan kepada PT Nusa Prima Manunggal tumpang tindih dengan beberapa areal perkebunan, HTI dan HPH dan pasal 6, berdasatkan hal tersebut Gubernur Riau mendukung perubahan rekomendasi dengan persyaratan diantaranya :<br />1. Menteri Kehutanan harus terlebih dahulu mengadendum SK HPH yang tumpang tindih sebelum memberikan persetujuan prinsip; dan<br />2. Melaksanakan perubahan status dari non kawasan hutan menjadi HP Tetap.<br />Sesuai dengan Kepmenhut 10.1/Kpts-II/2000 Pasal 3 ayat 1 “Areal hutan yang dapat dimohon untuk usaha hutan tanaman adalah areal yang kosong didalam kawasan hutan produksi dan atau areal hutan yang akan dialih fungsikan menjadi kawasan hutan produksi serta tidak dibebani hak-hak lain”.<br />Pada Pasal 1 dan 2 dalam SK 522/Ekbang/3310 tersebut dinyatakan juga bahwa kawasan yang diajukan permohonan tumpang tindih terhadap peruntukan kawasan lindung dan lainnya dalam Perda 10/1994.<br />PP No.27/1999 tentang AMDAL Pasal 16 ayat 4 “Instansi yang bertanggung jawab wajib menolak kerangka acuan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) apabila rencana lokasi dilaksanakannya usaha dan/atau kegiatan terletak dalam kawasan yang tidak sesuai dengan rencana tata ruang wilayah dan/atau rencana tata ruang kawasan” yang dimana dalam penjelasannya Yang dimaksud dengan rencana tata ruang wilayah yang ditetapkan adalah Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Nasional yang telah ditetapkan dengan Peraturan Pemerintah, Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I yang telah ditetapkan dengan Peraturan Daerah Tingkat I , dan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten/Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II yang telah ditetapkan dengan Peraturan Daerah Tingkat II.<br />2. Dalam SK Menhut 327/Menhut-II/2009 tentang Perubahan ketiga Kepmenhut No. 130/KPTS-II/1993 tentang Pemberian HPHTI kepada PT RAPP, dalam point MEMPERHATIKAN tidak menggunakan Keputusan Gubernur Riau No Kpts 326/VII/2006 dan masih menggunakan Keputusan Gubernur Riau No. Kpts 667/XI/2004 11 November 2004 tentang kelayakan lingkungan kegiatan IUPHHK-HT di areal tambahan Kabupaten Pelalawan, Siak, dan Bengkalis oleh PT RAPP.<br />Lampiran b. Berita acara pertemuan no: 08/RAKKUS-JKLHR/06.05.2011<br />2 | P a g e<br />PP No. 27/1999 tentang AMDAL Pasal 24 ayat 1 “Keputusan kelayakan lingkungan hidup suatu usaha dan/atau kegiatan dinyatakan kadaluwarsa atas kekuatan Peraturan Pemerintah ini, apabila rencana usaha dan/atau kegiatan tidak dilaksanakan dalam jangka waktu 3 (tiga) tahun sejak ditertibkannya keputusan kelayakan tersebut. Selanjutnya Pasal 2 “Apabila keputusan kelayakan lingkungan hidup dinyatakan kadaluwarsa sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), maka untuk melaksanakan rencana usaha dan/atau kegiatannya, pemrakarasa wajib mengajukan kembali permohonan persetujuan atas analisis dampak lingkungan hidup, rencana pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dan rencana pemantauan lingkungan hidup kepada instansi yang bertanggung jawab”.<br />Keputusan Gubernur Riau No Kpts 326/VII/2006 tentang Kelayakan Lingkungan Kegiatan IUPHHK-HT di areal tambahan Kab. Pelalawan, Siak dan Bengkalis oleh PT RAPP, pada penetapan kedelapan “ Dengan dikeluarkannya keputusan ini, maka keputusan Gubernur Riau No. 667/XI/2004 dinyatakan tidak berlaku lagi”<br />3. Bab I Hal I-1 …..Pengelolaan hutan Indonesia saat ini mengacu pada paradigma baru yang menitikberatkan pengeloaan hutan bersama masyarakat dan untuk kesejahterakan masyarakat baik yang ada didalam maupun diluar hutan.<br />4. Batas wilayah studi diareal pencadangan sesuai dengan Surat menteri Kehutanan No. S.143/Menhut-VI/2004 29 April 2004 seluas 215.790 ha, dimana batas social dan batas administrasi wilayah studi di 3 kabupaten (Pelalawan, Siak dan Bengkalis) hanya 5 desa atau 3 kecamatan saja, yakni :<br />1. Desa Pulau Muda (Kec. Teluk Meranti - Pelalawan)<br />2. Desa Gambut Mutiara (Kec. Teluk Meranti)<br />3. Desa Penyengat (Kec. Sungai Apit – Siak)<br />4. Desa Tanjung Kulim (Kec. Merbau – Bengkalis)<br />5. Desa Kurau (Kec. Merbau)<br />Jika dilihat dari representasi berdasarkan luasan dan desa yang berada dalam rencana penambahan areal belum representative dan dibuktikan ketidaktahuan masyarakat desa sekitar areal tambahan terhadap rencana PT RAPP dengn konsesi barunya ini.<br />5. Hal V-43 dan V-44 Potensi tegakan<br />PP 34/2002 Pasal 30 ayat 3 (PP yang masih berlaku dan dijadikan acuan saat itu) “Usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan pada hutan tanaman, dilaksanakan pada lahan kosong, padang alang-alang dan atau semak belukar dihutan produksi” dan ayat 4 “Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (1) dan ayat (2), diatur dengan Keputusan Menteri”. Atau ;<br />Lampiran b. Berita acara pertemuan no: 08/RAKKUS-JKLHR/06.05.2011<br />3 | P a g e<br />PP 6/2007 Pasal 30 ayat 3 “Pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu pada HTI, dilakukan pada hutan produksi yang tidak produktif. Dalam Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan No. P.18/Menhut-II/2004 Pasal 3 ayat 2 point (a) “Hutan produksi yang tidak produktif adalah areal hutan produksi yang penutupan vegetasinya sangat jarang/kosong berupa semak belukar, perladangan, alang-alang dan tanah kosong dengan kriteria teknis sebagai berikut :<br />1. Pohon inti yang berdiameter 20 (dua puluh) cm kurang dari 25 (dua puluh lima) batang/setiap hektar.<br />2. Pohon induk kurang dari 10 (sepuluh) batang/setiap hektar.<br />3. Permudaan alamnya kurang, yaitu :<br />a) Anakan alam tingkat semai (seedling) kurang dari 1.000 (seribu) batang setiap hektar, dan atau<br />b) Pohon dalam tingkat pancang kurang dari 240 (dua ratus empat puluh) batang setiap hektar, dan atau<br />c) Pohon dalam tingkat tiang (poles) kurang dari 75 (tujuh puluh lima) batang setiap hektar.<br />Pada Hal V-43 dan V-44, pada Blok Kuala Kampar rata-rata kerapatan pada tingkat semai adalah 4.673,27 batang/ha dan di Blok Pulau Padang adalah 5.670,09 batang/ha. Sementara yang diboleh dari aturan yang ada hanya < 1.000 batang/ha.<br />Tingkat Pancang di Blok Kuala Kampar, 1.159,08 batang/ha dan Blok Pulau Padang 896,92 batang/ha sementara yang diperbolehkan hanya 240 batang/ha.<br />Tingkat Tiang di Blok Kuala Kampar, 211,26 batang/ha dan Blok Pulau Padang 166,91 batang/ha sementara yang diperbolehkan hanya 75 batang/ha.<br />Pada Hal V-44 dan V-45 terhadap potensi tegakan,<br />Blok Kuala Kampar :<br />Untuk semua jenis pohon diameter lebih atau sama dengan 30 cm sebesar 9,15 m3 (N = 4,44 btg/ha) dan untuk pohon diameter lebih atau sama dengan 20 cm sebesar 18,19 m3/ha (N = 28,03 btg/ha)<br />Blok Pulau Padang<br />Untuk semua jenis pohon diameter lebih atau sama dengan 30 cm sebesar 7,85 m3 (N = 3,90 btg/ha) dan untuk pohon diameter lebih atau sama dengan 20 cm sebesar 15,54 m3/ha (N = 27,90 btg/ha)<br />Dari hasil penelitian ANDAL tersebut, jika disandingkan dengan aturan yang ada dimana Pohon inti yang berdiameter 20 (dua puluh) cm kurang dari 25 batang/ hektar, maka jelas menyalahi dari aturan yang telah ada.<br />Lampiran b. Berita acara pertemuan no: 08/RAKKUS-JKLHR/06.05.2011<br />4 | P a g e<br />Selanjutnya Kepmenhut 10.1/Kpts-II/2000 Pasal 3 ayat (2) “Penutupan vegetasi berupa non hutan (semak belukar, padang alang-alang, dan tanah kosong) atau areal bekas tebangan yang kondisinya rusak dengan potensi kayu bulat berdiameter 10 Cm untuk semua jenis kayu dengan kubikasi tidak lebih dari 5 m3 per hektar. – Jelas dari fakta diatas masing-masing lebih dari 5 m3 / ha.<br />6. Hal V-48 Jenis Tumbuhan yang dilindungi didasarkan pada Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan dan Perkebunan No.692/Kpts-II/1998.<br />Berdasarkan Kepmenhut ini, dalam Pasal 1 “Larangan penebangan pohon-pohon yang dilindungi di dalam kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Keputusan Menteri Pertanian nomor 54/Kpts/Um/2/1972 jo Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 261/Kpts-IV/1990 tidak berlaku sepanjang penebangan tersebut dilakukan untuk kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan pembangunan jalan, proyek transmigrasi, kegiatan usaha budidaya perkebunan dan pertanian, kecuali terhadap pohon Tengkawang”<br />Selain dari keperluan diatas, maka tidak diperbolehkan menebang pohon-pohon yang dilindungi sebagaimana yang terdapat pada Blok Kuala Kampar dan Blok Pulau Padang, yakni : arang-arang (Diospyros sp.), Durian Burung (Durio carinatus), Jelutung (Dyera costulata), Kempas (Koompassia excels) dan Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus).<br />Khusus untuk Ramin, berdasarkan Kepmenhut No. 127/Kpts-V/2001 tentang Penghentian sementara kegiatan penebangan dan perdagangan ramin, pada Pasal 1 “Menghentikan sementara (moratorium) seluruh kegiatan penebangan jenis ramin (Gonystylus spp) diseluruh kawasan hutan tetap, dikawasan hutan yang dapat dikonversi dan hutan hak”.<br />7. Hal. IV-11 disebutkan berdasarkan analisis peruntukan lahan, dari areal tambahan seluas 215.790 ha diperoleh areal efektif tanaman pokok seluas 126.990 ha, sedangkan alokasi tanaman kehidupan seluas 13.574 ha dan tanaman unggulan setempat seluas 10.628 ha. Selanjutnya disebutkan pada hal IV-4 tanaman kehidupan di Blok Kuala Kampar seluas 12.330 ha dan tanaman unggulan setempat seluas 9.080 ha serta pada Blok Pulau Padang Tanaman Kehidupan seluas 1.244 ha dan tanaman unggulan setempat 1.548 ha.<br />Fakta yang kemudian muncul, tanaman kehidupan hanya seluas 5.000 ha dan tidak terdistribusi terhadap dua blok ini dan sementara tanaman unggulan setempat belum jelas luasan rencananya.<br />8. Pada hal. IV.13 disebutkan penyiapan lahan secara garis besar meliputi kegiatan:<br />1. Imas/Tebas yaitu pemotongan pohon diameter < 10 cm dengan parang atau kampak<br />Lampiran b. Berita acara pertemuan no: 08/RAKKUS-JKLHR/06.05.2011<br />5 | P a g e<br />2. Tumbang/rencek yaitu penebangan pohon diameter > 10 cm dengan chainsaw<br />3. Perun yaitu pembersihan lahan dari sisa-sisa rencek.<br />Tidak dijelaskan lebih lanjut terhadap penebangan pohon diameter > 20 cm dan diatas > 30 cm. Selanjutnya dalam dokumen juga disebutkan bahwa penyiapan lahan dilakukan secara hati-hati mengingat kondisi lahan yang berupa gambut.<br />Fakta dilapangan, dominan yang digunakan dalam kegiatan adalah adalah alat berat yang bekerja dalam penyiapan lahan.<br />9. Pada Hal IV.16 dalam Tabel IV.16 Rencana Pelaksanaan Penyiapan lahan areal IUPHHKHT PT RAPP, dimulai pada 2005 s/d 2018 sementara AMDAL baru dibahas dan kemudian disetujui oleh Gubernur Riau kembali pada 6 Juli 2006 sehingga jika kegiatan benar telah terjadi pada kegiatan tersebut adalah TIDAK SAH DILAKUKAN.<br />Selanjutnya dalam tabel dari dokumen ANDAL ini memperlihatkan 2005 s/d 2011 baik pada Blok Kuala Kampar dan Blok Pulau Padang tidak dilakukan Penanaman dan hanya Penyiapan Lahan. Penanaman baru dimulai pada daur kedua yakni dimulai pada 2012 s/d 2018. Artinya setelah dua daur baru PT RAPP menghasilkan acacia crassicarpa nya. Harusnya sebagaimana yang dibuat pada daur kedua bahwa penyiapan lahan bisa juga diikuti dengan upaya penanaman.<br />10. Pada Hal IV.17 Tabel IV-7 tentang Rencana Pengadaan Bibit per Tahun pada areal Tambahan, dalam kolom keterangannya disebutkan sesuai dengan RKT 21.598 ha/tahun. Sebagaimana dipahami RKT/BK UPHHKHT keluar setelah IUPHHKHT dikeluarkan. Syarat mendapatkan IUPHHKHT setelah ada pencadangan areal oleh Menteri Kehutanan adalah melaksanakan penyusunan AMDAL. Dan dalam penyusunan AMDAL belum bisa RKT dikeluarkan.<br />11. Pada Hal IV.17 Tabel IV-7 tentang Rencana Pengadaan Bibit per Tahun pada areal Tambahan, dalam kolom keterangannya juga disebutkan pengkayaan tanaman kehidupan seluas 13.574 ha akan dilaksanakan pada RKT I s/d VII dengan 1.939 ha/tahun. Faktanya, sampai saat ini tanaman kehidupan tidak berjalan.<br />12. Pada Hal IV-18, Areal penanaman IUPHHKHT untuk tanamana pokok direncanakan seluas 126.990 ha yang akan disesuaikan dalam 7 tahun sesuai dengan daur tanaman, dengan jenis tanaman yang akan ditanam acacia crassicarpa , yang dimulai pada tahun 2005.<br />Ada 2 hal yang bermasalah disini :<br />1. AMDAL baru dibahas dan selanjutnya disahkan pada 2006, sedangkan rencana penanaman pada 2005. Sebelum IUPHHK-HT dan RKT/BK<br />Lampiran b. Berita acara pertemuan no: 08/RAKKUS-JKLHR/06.05.2011<br />6 | P a g e<br />UPHHKHT keluar, maka tidak boleh ada konversi yang terjadi karena pentahapan yang dilakukan dalam dokumen ini adalah dengan dimulai penyiapan lahan dan baru pembibitan dan penanaman. AMDAL merupakan salah satu syarat keluarnya IUPHHKHT termasuk addendum dari SK yang sebelumnya telah ada. Berdasarkan dokumen ANDAL bahwa penanaman termasuk dalam tahapan konstruksi.<br />2. Ada ketidaksesuaian antara pernyataan bahwa penanaman akan dimulai pada tahun 2005 dengan tabel IV.6 hal IV.16 bahwa penanaman baru dimulai pada 2012.<br />13. Pada Hal IV-22 dalam Tabel IV.9 Rencana Pembinaan Masyarakat Desa Hutan di areal Tambahan – Tidak Implementatif<br />14. Hal V-21 pada Tabel V-9 Fungsi Hutan di areal tambahan PT RAPP mengalami tumpang tindih dengan RTRWP Perda 10/1994 – Termasuk terdapat Kawasan Lindung (SM). Ini semakin mempertegas point 1 dari analisis ANDAL ini. PP No.27/1999 tentang AMDAL Pasal 16 ayat 4 “Instansi yang bertanggung jawab wajib menolak kerangka acuan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) apabila rencana lokasi dilaksanakannya usaha dan/atau kegiatan terletak dalam kawasan yang tidak sesuai dengan rencana tata ruang wilayah dan/atau rencana tata ruang kawasan” yang dimana dalam penjelasannya Yang dimaksud dengan rencana tata ruang wilayah yang ditetapkan adalah Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Nasional yang telah ditetapkan dengan Peraturan Pemerintah, Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I yang telah ditetapkan dengan Peraturan Daerah Tingkat I , dan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten/Kotamadya Daerah Tingkat II yang telah ditetapkan dengan Peraturan Daerah Tingkat II.<br />15. Hal V-24 Berdasarkan Peta Satuan lahan dan tanah lembar Siak dan Tanjung Pinang serta Lembar Bengkalis, ketebalan gambut antara 0,5-2 m. Kenapa tidak memakai peta analisis yang mereka lakukan??<br />Lampiran b. Berita acara pertemuan no: 08/RAKKUS-JKLHR/06.05.2011<br />7 | P a g e<br />Begitu pula dengan hal V-31 ketebalan gambut disebutkan umumnya kurang dari 2,5 m dan sedikit yang 2,5 – 5 meter…Mohon di cek dengan survey gambut yang dilakukan PT RAPP.<br />16. Hal V-24 Pada Tabel V-10 Penutupan Lahan Areal Tambahan PT RAPP berdasarkan RTRWP Riau, dimana disebutkan tidak ada hutan primer di 2 blok (Kuala Kampar dan Pulau Padang), namun dalam peta V-6 terdapat hutan primer.<br />17. Dalam PP 34/2002 Pasal 47 ayat 6 “BUMN, BUMD dan BUMS pemegang izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu dan atau bukan kayu selain melaksanakan kewajiban sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (1), ayat (4) dan ayat (5), juga wajib melakukan kerjasama dengan koperasi masyarakat setempat paling lambat 1 (satu) tahun setelah diterimanya izin” selanjutnya pada Ayat 7 “Bentuk kerjasama sebagaimana dimaksud dalam ayat (3) dan ayat (6) dapat berupa:<br />a. penyertaan saham;<br />b. kerjasama usaha pada segmen kegiatan usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan<br />18. Hampir semua data yang digunakan pada tahun 2002.<br />-------------------------------0000------------------------------------Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-599183113659279132014-03-06T16:44:00.002-08:002014-03-06T17:16:04.057-08:00RENCANA USAHA<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><u><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-size: large;">CONTOH RENCANA USAHA</span></span></u></b></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<u style="text-underline: double;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 36.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RENCANA
USAHA</span></u></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nama Usaha<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ANURULIA CAFE </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nama Penyusun Rencana Usaha<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Anisa Nurul Awaliyah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanggal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>13 Februari 2014</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alamat </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alamat
kantor (tempat usaha)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pasar Buntu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jln.sultan agung No.5 kroya cilacap</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Telp083863******</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>E-mail anurulia@yahoo.com</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alamat
Rumah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bangsa RT 1 / RW 1 kecamatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebasen
banyumas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Telp (0282)529***</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>E-mail </span><a href="mailto:anisa.n96@yahoo.com"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">anisa.n96@yahoo.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Purwokerto,
13 Februari 2014</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Penyusun</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Anisa Nurul Awaliyah)</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Deskripsi
Usaha Saya</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usaha
Baru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan
rinci tentang orang yang menyusun rencana usaha </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengalaman
sebelumnya yang relevan (tanggal, bulan, tahun )</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Partime di hotel
horison</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Partime di hotel aston</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Partime di tamara resto</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Partime di primajaya
cattering</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prakerin di hotel
mutiara cilacap selama 3 bulan yaitu pada tanggal 1 januari – 30 maret 2013</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendidikan
dan pelatihan yang telah saya ikuti (tanggal,bulan, tahun)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SMK N 3 PURWOKERTO</span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penilaian
terhadap pasar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pelanggan
saya dapat di deskripsikan sebagai berikut :</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pelajar/
mahasiswa : 30%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pekerja
kantor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 40%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ibu
rumah tangga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 15%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lain-lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: 15%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah/volume
yang ada di pasar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ada satu pesaing :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nama<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: RISSINHALFVIRATIN CAFÉ</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alamat :
Perum.mujur kroya cilacap</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proyek
masa depan volume di pasar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Semakin bertambahnya
jumlah konsumen yang ada disekitar tempat usaha/ dan luas wilayah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menambahkan jumlah
outlet di wilayah cilacap dan sekitarnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Semakin banyak utinitas
yang harus di lakukan oleh konsumen sehingga tidak bisa meluangkan aktu untuk
membuat sarapan pagi yang sangat penting untuk awal aktifitas yang akan di
lakukan .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kekuatan
utama pesaing usaha saya adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sudah lebih
berpengalaman dan sudah mempunyai pelanggan yang tetap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sudah banyak di ketahui
oleh para konsumen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelemahan
utama pesaing usaha saya adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kualitasnya tidak baik
dan tempatnya tidak strategis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">D.Rencana
pemasaran </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. prodak</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 30.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Produk
jasa atau </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">jenis
– jenis produk</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 311.4pt;" valign="top" width="415"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Karakteristik
produk </span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nasi
paket</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 311.4pt;" valign="top" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penyajian
menu paketnya bervarisi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Snack
cantik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 311.4pt;" valign="top" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Snackny
mempunyai kelebihan yang menarik , bumbunya lenkap dg rempah sehingga
meningkatkan nafsu makan customer</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pizza
mini</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 311.4pt;" valign="top" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bentuknya
kecil dan unik isinya lebih bervariasi dan harganya lebih terjangkau/murah</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Es
kelapa bakar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 311.4pt;" valign="top" width="415"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Esnya
berbeda dg yang lain , sistem pengolahanya menggunakan tekhnik di bakar
sehingga terdapat ketertarikan untuk dapat mencicipi dan di hidangkan menggunakn
garnish yg menarik</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. harga</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Produk,jasa atau
jenis poduk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Harga pabrik </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(biaya produksi)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Harga jual</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Harga yang di
tawarkan oleh pesaing</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nasi
paket</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.9.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.10.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.14.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Snack
cantik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.4.500,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.5.000,-/box</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.8.000,-/box</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Pizza
mini</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.15.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.18.000.-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.20.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Es
kelapa bakar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.5.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.8.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.10.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">JUMLAH</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.33.500,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.41.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.52.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.Tempat </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Keterangan rinci tentang tempat</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Alamat</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Luas
Lantai</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Menyewa
atau Biayanya</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Pasar buntu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">20m x 30m</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.
4.000.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. alasan memilih tempat ini :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tempatnya
strategis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dekat,
bersebrang jalan dari tempat tinggal saya </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pesaing
usaha saya belum terlalu banyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">cara
pendistribusian barang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>saya akan menjual produk atau jasa saya
kepada :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 75.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Langsung
ke pelanggan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d. alasan memilih cara
pendistribusian tersebut </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 75.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lebih
hemat dan lebih mudah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4.promosi dan iklan </span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 638px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 17.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jenis Promosi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Banyaknya </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Biaya Produksi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">banner</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3 buah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.120.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 18.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">brosur</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">500 lembar</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 18.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.50.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">D.
Organisasi perusahaan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Usaha saya akan didaftarkan sebagai </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usaha kepemilikan
tunggal .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.nama perusahaan yang saya usulkan
ANURULIA<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MIRACLE </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. susunan personalia /karyawan di
perusahaan saya adalah sebagai berikut .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( lampiran struktur organisasi dan
rangkaian tugas)</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jabatan/Tugas</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nama
</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Gaji
Bulanan</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Pemilik/Manager</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Anisa
nurul</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.
1.000.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Karyawan
2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">bagus</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.
700.000.-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">saputra</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.
700.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Ijin
usaha dan sertifikat usaha yang akan di minta :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jenis ijin usaha/sertifikat</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Perkiraan biaya</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Izin usaha cafe</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp. 60.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanggung
jawab peruahaan (asuransi,kompetensi,karyawan</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jenis tanggung jawab</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Perkiraan Biaya</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">pajak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp. 100.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">F.Aset Tetap ( Fixed Assets)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<u>. Alat kerja dan Peralatan</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan
perkiraan penjualan dan kapasitas produksi 100 %. Maka perusahaan akan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memerlukan alat kerja dan peralatan sebagai
berikut.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-insideh: 4.5pt thin-thick-small-gap windowtext; mso-border-insidev: 4.5pt thin-thick-small-gap windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: double windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Deskripsi
(uraian)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: double windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah
yang di perlukan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: double windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Harga
satuan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: double windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah
biaya</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: double windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">oven</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.
5.000.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.20.000.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: double windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">loyang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">20</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.10.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.200.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: double windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">waskom</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.35.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.280.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: double windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">panci</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.50.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.200.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: double windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">dandang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.75.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.150.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: double windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">soled</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.10.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.40.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: double windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">wajan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.50.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.200.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: double windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">grill</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.4.000.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.4.000.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: double windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tremos
es</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.50.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.100.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: double windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.95in;" valign="top" width="187"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah
</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">49</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.980.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-left: none; border-right: double windowtext 4.5pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-left-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: thin-thick-small-gap windowtext 4.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.25.170.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nama
Pemasok</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Alamat</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Telepon/fax</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pak
dirham</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pasar
pahing</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">085423889911</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pak
rindu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pasar
wage</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">081327892231</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. kendaraan yang diperlukan oleh
perusahaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">berdasarkan kebutuhan transportasi
dan pemasaran perusahaan maka diperlukan kendaraan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai berikut::</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Deskripsi
(uraian)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah
yang di perlukan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Harga
satuan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah
biaya</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">motor</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.
12.000.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.12.000.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nama
Pemasok</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Alamat</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Telepon/fax</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Buana
Candra Cilacap</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cilacap
Selatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">085747887077</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perabotan
dan Peralatan Kantor</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kantor
perusahaan akan memerlukan perabotan dan peralatan sebagai berikut :</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 36.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.75pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Deskripsi (uraian)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.7pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah yang dibutuhkan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biaya satuan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jumlah Biaya</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.75pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">meja</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.7pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.50.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.500.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.75pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">kursi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.7pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">40</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.20.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.800.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.75pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kipas angin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.7pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.300.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.600.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.75pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">komputer</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.7pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.1.000.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.1.000.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.75pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salon musik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.7pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.300.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.900.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 137.75pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">JUMLAH</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 104.7pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.55pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.2.300.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.9pt;" valign="top" width="133"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rp.3.800.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nama Pemasok</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Alamat </span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Telepon/fax</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mebel Barokah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kroya </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">08880662173</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Elektro Jaya</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kroya </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">085642535508</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ringkasan
asset tet (fixed assets ) dan penyusutan</span></u></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 36.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.7pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Deskripsi
( Uraian)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nilai</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Penyusutan Pertahun</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.7pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Alat
kerja dan peralatan 5%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.25.170.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.1.258.500,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.7pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kendaraan
10 %</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.12.000.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.1.200.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.7pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Perabotan
peralatan kantor 5 %</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.3.800.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.190.000,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.7pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Gedung
untuk penjualan eceran</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.7pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Gedung
untuk pabrik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.7pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">lahan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.7pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jumlah
</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.40.970.000,-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Franklin Gothic Medium Cond","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.2.648.500,-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-40398696378550852472014-02-11T17:08:00.000-08:002014-02-13T17:04:36.183-08:00Penjualan burung kenariSilahkan bagi yang mau beternak kenari saya ingin menjual ternakan kenari yang saya ternak dengan berbagai macam bentuk dan jenisnya...<br />
adapun gambar :<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghssscTxXeK3GO_7IN5LN_LwvuuMtnPX6sIq_IbHD08QJMdxdRLVkquLnw2G7IYelh1TlOaFhs0R_qgr7heON6xI2rCjG3U_HDnT95fRkZEZQgjuscqzNoXN-PRucoWnxS0bzMytxDjI39/s1600/index.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghssscTxXeK3GO_7IN5LN_LwvuuMtnPX6sIq_IbHD08QJMdxdRLVkquLnw2G7IYelh1TlOaFhs0R_qgr7heON6xI2rCjG3U_HDnT95fRkZEZQgjuscqzNoXN-PRucoWnxS0bzMytxDjI39/s1600/index.jpg" /></a></div>
Jika berminat dapat menghubungi nomer saya dibawah ini :<br />
No Hp : 083863366640<br />
Facebook : Rinda Bagus Saputra<br />
Twitter : @BagusRindaAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5222274664942300565.post-72027493175618967732014-02-06T17:27:00.001-08:002014-03-08T01:40:34.472-08:00MOTIVASI<br />
<ol>
<li><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">SESUATU YANG SUDAH TERLAMBAT TIDAK BISA DIULANGI LAGI, TETAPI SESUATU YANG TERLAMBAT BISA DIPERBAIKI LAGI KEDEPANNYA :-)</span></b></li>
<li><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">DALAM HIDUP, MENGULANG SESUATU YANG SUDAH JELAS TAK ADA GUNANYA BAGI KITA, IBARAT MENCARI JEJAK DALAM AIR. DUNIA INI SEMPIT BUAT MEREKA YANG TIDAK MAU BERUSAHA, TAPI DUNIA INI LUAS UNTUK MEREKA YANG MENGERTI ARTI USAHA BUAT KEBAHAGIAAN DIRINYA :-)</span></b></li>
<li><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">JANGAN<span style="font-size: x-large;">LAH <span style="font-size: x-large;">BERSEDIH ATAU BERDIAM DIRI <span style="font-size: x-large;">J<span style="font-size: x-large;">IKA SALAH SATU ATAU SEMUA TEMAN ANDA MERENDAHKAN ATAU MENE<span style="font-size: x-large;">RTAWAKAN ANDA KARENA PADA SUATU SAAT NANTI KETIKA ANDA SUKSES DIALAH ORANG PERTAMA YANG MEMBERI SELAMAT KEPADA ANDA DAN BANGGA DENGAN HASIL <span style="font-size: x-large;">KERJA ANDA</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></li>
<li><b style="color: #e69138; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">ORANG SANGAT CANTIK JIKA TIDAK KITA MILIKI LAGI, MAKA DARI ITU JANGANLAH ENGKAU SIASIAKAN KEKASIHMU ITU KARENA KAU AKAN MENYESALINYA JIKA KAU TIDAK BERSAMANYA LAGI </span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></b></li>
</ol>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11339302629623822652noreply@blogger.com0